italic Title of a literary work, movie, opera, musical composition, etc. Used rarely but should be used in every case, except in <au> references. <root> * Square root -- differs from the entity <root/, which is a square root sign that does not extend beyond the number following it. The <root> field has a bar (vinvulum) over the expression within the field, as well as the square root symbol preceding the expression in the field. Used only once. <vinc> * Vinculum. In a mathematical expression, a bar extending over the expression within the field. Used only once. This apparently serves the same function as a parentheses, of causing the expression within the field to be evaluated and the result used as the (mathematical) value of the field. <nul> plain Nultype. An older version of <plain>. <cd2> * Second collocation definition. Somewhat similar to <def2>. Purely a mark to reduce functional ambiguity, with no effect on the typography. <hypen> * Hypernym. Mark introduced for the World Wide Webster, when adding words from WordNet. In most cases, this tag marks the WordNet hypernym (for nouns and verbs). Where the <au> mark is PJC or includes a +PJC, the hypernym may not be the same as in WordNet. The words marked by this tag need to be bracketed in some way, but this is deferred until the definitions included with the hypernyms have been deleted, and other disambiguating marks substituted. <stype> italic Subtype. A functional mark, to point out words which are conceptually subtypes of the headword. <styp> * Subtype. A functional mark, to point out words which are conceptually subtypes of the headword, but with no *typographical* significance. <simto> * Similar-to. A semantic relational mark for closely related words which are not quite synonyms, nor hypernyms, nor hyponyms. Introduced with WordNet data. <conseq> * Consequence. For adjectives, is an attribute which or is a consequence of possessing the headword attribute. <hascons> Introduced with WordNet data. <consof> * Consequence of. For adjectives, an attribute which implies the headword as a natural consequence. <part> italic Part. Marks a word designating something which is conceptually a part of the headword. Rarely used. <parts> italic Part, plural form. Same as <part>, but marks the name of the part in its plural form. <partof> * Marks a word designating something of which the headword is conceptually a part. Inverse of <part>. This is very broad, and may mean constituent or separable part. Rarely used. <contxt> * Context. Used only for introductions to definitions, giving the context of usage, which are not part of the definition proper, as: <contxt>when used of a person:</contxt> <grp> * Marks the name of a group of people not formally organized. <membof> italic marks a group of which the headword is a member. This is rarely used, but should be indexed as an entry word or phrase. <member> italic marks a member of a group defined by the headword. This is rarely used, but should be indexed as an entry word or phrase. <members> italic Same as <member>, but marks a plural word, designating the name of the members in its plural form, for lack of ambiguity. <method> * Designates a special type of definition which describes a method for achieving the headword, used only once for the word "amend". The subdefinitions begin with "by". <corpn> * Name of a business company, corporation, or partnership. Started using November 1988. Rare. <corr> italic Correlative. A word intimately associated with the headword in a manner such that one cannot appear without the other. NOt exactly an inverse. <qperson> italic marks the name of a person, quoted in a dialogue. Used only in <q> blockquotes as of vers. 0.45. <org> * marks the name of an organization; sometimes used for the names of groups of people not formally organized *see also <grp>. <prod> italic produces. Designates a substance produced by a living organism. Rarely used. <prodp> * produces (plainfont). Designates a substance produced by a living organism. Same as <prod>, but does not affect font. Rarely used. <prodby> * produced by. Designates a living organism which produces the headword substance. Rarely used. <prodmac> italic produces. Designates an object or substance produced by a machine or process. Rarely used. <stage> italic life stage of an organism. Used to indicate variant forms of an organism defined by the headword. Rarely used. <stageof> * an organism one of whose life stages is the headword. Inverse (correlative) of <stage>. Rarely used. <inv> italic inversely related to headword -- e.g. depository is the inverse of depositor; buyer is the inverse of seller. Called "correlative" in the Webster 1913 and the CIDE. Rarely used. <methodfor> italic is a method to accomplish the action defined by the headword. Rarely used, and only in the supplemental section. <examp> italic example or instance of the headword, where the tagged and emphasized word is not a proper subtype. -------------------------------------- <hw>Pa*ron"y*mous</hw> <sn>2.</sn> <def>Having a similar sound, but different orthography and different meaning; -- said of certain words, as <examp>all</examp> and <examp>awl</examp>; <examp>hair</examp> and <examp>hare</examp>, etc.</def><br/ [<source>1913 Webster</source>] ------------------------------------- <sfield> * subfield of the headword, which must be a field of study or of knowledge <stage> italic a stage of life of the headword -- for living things, such as insects, whose life stages may take different names. <unit> italic a unit of measure, usually preceded by a number. Also used to tag the unit of a measure which is the headword. <uses> italic tags a tool or method used by the headword, which is usually some process. <usedfor> * tags a method or process for which the headword is a tool. <usedby> italic tags a tool or method which uses the headword, which is usually a physical object. <perf> italic performs -- tags a word which is a process or activity performed by the headword. <recipr> italic reciprocal -- used for cases where the tagged word is a reciprocal participant in an action, such as donor and recipient. The difference between this and <inv> inverse has not yet been systematically settled. Used seldom, and mostly in the supplemented version. <sig> italic significance, meaning -- used in definitions where the actual meaning is prefixed with commentary explaining usage or other attributes of the word, as with prefixes or suffixes. <wns> italic WordNet sense. Where known, the correspondence of the sense of an entry with that of WordNet 1.6 is given after the definition, in a tag of the form: <wns>[wns=3]</wns>, in which the number is the numbered sense in WordNet. <w16ns> italic WordNet version 1.6 sense. See <wns> for explanation. <wnote> * A note related to usage in the corresponding WordNet definition. ============================================================= Biological classifications: --------------------------- <spn> italic Species name. Used to mark the taxonomic names of living things which are represented in italic font in the original printed version. Originally, not only species, but genera, orders and families were also thus marked. The conversion from <spn> to <fam>, <gen>, or <ord> is not completed, and <spn> may stil be found marking such groups. However, orders and families are also frequently mentioned in the original in normal font, and in such cases are not marked with any tag. So, this mark is not a reliable indicator of all mentions of taxonomic names. <kingdom> italic Taxonomic biological Kingdom name. <phylum> italic Taxonomic phylum name. <subphylum> italic Taxonomic subphylum name. <class> italic Taxonomic class name. <subclass> italic Taxonomic subclass name. <ord> italic Taxonomic order name. Also used for suborders, initially. <subord> italic Taxonomic suborder name. <suborder> italic Taxonomic suborder name. <fam> italic Taxonomic family name. Also used to tag "tribes". <subfam> italic Taxonomic subfamily name. <gen> italic Taxonomic genus name. <var> italic Variety. Used to mark subspecies or varities below the level of species in living organism systematic names. <varn> italic Variety. Used to mark subspecies or varities below the level of species in living organism systematic names. Duplicative variant of <var>

FIELD MARKS FOR WEBSTER 1913 and CIDE ===================================== Tagset.web: Explanations of the tags used to mark the Webster 1913 dictionary and the CIDE (Collaborative International Dictionary of English). Note that the list of tags used to mark the public domain version of this dictionary is shorter than the full set described here. If any tag is not listed here, it is either (1) one of the "point" (font size) or "type" (font style) tags, which should be self-explanatory; or (2) Is a functional field with no effect on the typography. Last modified March 12, 1999. For questions, contact: Patrick Cassidy cassidy@micra.com 735 Belvidere Ave. Plainfield, NJ 07062 (908) 561-3416 or (908) 668-5252 ------------------------------------------------------------- A separate file, webfont.asc, contains the list of the individual non-ASCII characters represented by either higher-order hexadecimal character marks (e.g., \'94, for o-umlaut) or by entity tags (e.g., . Note: The tags on this list are similar in structure to SGML tags. Each tag on this list marks a field; each field opens with a tagname between angle brackets thus: , and closes with a similar tag containing the forward slash thus: . No tags are used without closing tags. Thus the HTML
to indicate a line break is symbolized here as an entity,
has a corresponding

. The absence of an end-field tag, or the presence of an end-field tag without a prior begin-field tag constitutes a typographical error, of which there may be a significant number. Any errors detected should be brought to the attention of PJC or the appropriate editor. Most of the tagged fields are presented in the text in italic type, with a number of exceptions. Where a word is contained within more than one field, the innermost field determines the font to be used. Wherever recognizable functional fields were found, an attempt was made to tag the field with a functional mark, but in many cases, words were italicised only to represent the word itself as a discourse entity, and in some such cases, the "italic" mark was used, implying nothing regarding functionality of the word. The base font is considered "plain". Where an italic field is indicated, parentheses or brackets within the field are not italicised. Where no font is specified for a tag, the tag is merely a functional division, and was printed in plain font unless otherwise tagged. This type of segment is marked by an asterisk (*) where the font name would be. The size of the "plain" font in the original text is about 1.6 mm for the height of capitalized letters. ============================================================= Explicit typographical tags: These were used where the purpose of a different font was merely to distinguish a word from the body of the text, and no explicit functional tag seemed apropriate. ----------------------------------- Tag Font ----------------------------------- Explicit formatting tags: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . plain font (that used in the body of a definition) -- normally not marked, except within fields of a different front. italic (in master files) italic (for use in HTML presentation) bold (in master files) bold (for use in HTML presentation) bold, Collocation font. Same font as used in collocations. smaller This is used only in the list of "un-" words not by 1 point actually defined in the dictionary. Probably could be replaced by a segment mark for the entire list! The "un-" words should be indexed as headwords. bold Same as , a font similar to that used in collocations. However, this tag is used in a table and could be set to a different font.
* HTML tag -- largest heading font.
* HTML tag -- second largest heading font. * Marks a Row title in a table. Font the same as the headword , though the field is not a headword. Used only once. * Multiple items, a set of items in a table. A series of point size markers, many unique. * One of the tags of the form where ** represents the typographic point size of the enclosed text.
An HTML tag indicating that the enclosed text is of teletype form, preformatted in a uniform-spaced font. small caps (used mostly for "a. d.", "b. c.") This is the same font a , but has no functional or semantic significance group of table data elements in a table _{subscript, like
subscript
superscript
superscript
Sans-serif font
Bold (collocation font) and also a subtype.
HTML tage -- teletype font
A squared bold font without serifs approximating the
"universe bold" font on the HP Laserjet4, slightly
larger than the capitals in a definition body. Used
in expositions describing shapes, such as
"Y", "T", "U", "X", "V", "F".
Vertically organized column.
Vertically organized column -- only part of a table
which needs to be completed. Used once.
<...type> A series of tags, many unique, designating certain
unusual fonts, such as "bourgeoistype" for
"bourgeois type", in the section on typography.
Most of these occur only once, in the section on fonts.

=============================================================
Tags with semantic content:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
* Alternative spelling segment. Almost always
contained within square brackets after the main
definition segment. Expository words
such as "Spelled also" are in plain font;
the actual alternative spelling is marked by
... tags within this segment.

italic Antonym.

italic Alternative spelling. The actual word which is an
alternative spelling to the headword. These
are functionally synonyms of the headword. In
most cases these also occur as headwords, with
reference to the word where the actual definition
is found, but not all such words are listed
separately, particularly if the spelling is
close enough to the headword to be found at the
same point in the dictionary. Whether listed
separately or not, these words should
be indexed at this location, also.

italic Authority or author. Used where an authority is
(may be right- given for a definition, and also used for the
justified. See author, where a quotation within double quotes
in the section is given in the same paragraph as the
on formatting). definition. The double quotes are indicated
by the open-quote (\'bd) and close-quote
(\'b8). In both cases, it is typically
right-justified, almost always fitting on
the same line with the last line of the
definition or quotation.
Within collocation segments, it is usually
used only after quotations, and is not right-
justified, except occasionally where it
would be close to the right margin, and then
apparently is is right-justified. We have
not explicitly marked those which are
right-justified, but they can be
recognized because they are on a line by
themselves, preceded by two carriage returns.

* Marks a biography. Should be longer than
a short mention of who a person was, which
is typically included as a definition.

* Same as

italic Marks the name of a book, pamphlet, or similar
document.

* A field of knowledge which of which the headword
is a division.

* Caption of a figure or table.

* tags the CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service) registry
number for a chemical substance.

italic tags the infectious disease caused by the headword.
Implied type of the agent is a microorganism, and
the tag must mark a disease.

* Same as without the italic type.
* Same as without the italic type.

italic inverse of causes: tags the causative agent of an
infectious disease, which is the headword .
the tag must mark a microorganism, virus, or
prion, and the implied type of the headword is
a disease.

Used only for The single letter in the headers to each
letter of the alphabet.

* marks the proper name of a city. Used only
occasionally and not consistently at this stage.

italic Converted to: used to tag substances which are
products prepared by conversion from the
headword. Usually chemicals or complex
products from mnatuarl materials. Rarely used
up to 1998.

* List of heads for the columns of a table.

* Title of a column in a table.

* Comment -- differs from in being in-line with
the definition paragraph. Provides a little
additional information.

* Name of a company (commercial firm). Compare

italic Composed of. Tags a substance of which the
headword is at least partly composed. The
substance may be particulate, such as
diatoms composing diatomaceous earth.

* marks an object contained within the headword.

italic Contrasting word. Not exactly an antonym, which
is marked , but a contrasting word which is
often introduced as "opposite to" or "contrasts
with".

* Name of a country (nation) of the world.

italic Collocation reference. A reference to a collocation.
Each such collocation should have its own entry,
marked by ... tags, and these
references should function as hypertext buttons
to access that entry.

* A Date, of any type, e.g. Dec. 25.

* Date-with-year tags a date containing a year.

* definition. The definition may have subfields,
particularly (an illustrative phrase
starting with "as" or "thus" and containing
the headword (or a morphological derivative).
The , \'bd...\'b8 quotations (left and
right double quotes) and fields may be
found within a definition field, but should
and usually are located outside the definition
proper. The marking macro was
inconsistent in this placement, and the
exclusion of the , and quotations
needs to be completed by the proof-readers.
Certain definitions contain
fields within them, where the headword is
an irregular derivative of another headword.
In these cases, the field follows
immediately after the tag, and these
entries do not have a separate field.
In such cases, the field is italic, as
usual.

* Division of the headword, usually an organization.
E. g. a faculty or department of a university,
or a United Nations agency.

* Marks an education institution, a subtype of
organization.

* tags a physical object or form of radiation
emitted by the headword

Just a place-holder for illustrations, but seldom used.

italic Marks the name of a movie film.

italic Field of specialization. Most often used for
Zoology and Botany, but many "fields of
specialization" are marked for technical
terms. The parentheses are usually within this
field, but are not themselves in italics.

* Name of a geograpahical region of any size;
if applicable, the more specific ,
, or are preferred.

* Hyperym. Points to the hypernym from WordNet 1.5
Initially, used only for entries extracted
from WordNet 1.5. Not present in the original
1913 version.

* Illustrative usage -- mostly from WordNet, and placed
outside the definition, in contrast to usage.
These should be converted to ... illustrative
usage format for consistency.

* Illustration place-holder. Seldom used.
* HTML usage -- points to an image file, usually
.gif or .jpg. These have no closing tag, and
will appear as errors in parsing.
* Points to a word whose meaning is an intensified
form of the headword. Taken from WordNet
tags, used with some adjectives from WordNet
* Designates one item in a row of a table. Used only when
intervening spaces do not serve properly as natural
field separaters.
italic Translation into a foreign (non-English) language
of the previous word in the text -- italic font.
( is a translation into English)
italic Same as
* Title of a journal (periodical).
* Always a filled rectangular array.
* A 2x5 matrix (2 rows by 5 columns).
* Multiple synonymous subtypes -- used in
def. of "grass".
* Multiple table, encloses figures.
* Music figure. Only in a note under the entry "Figure",
the two numbers of each such field
are bold, 20 point type, stacked as in a fraction with
a bar between them, but also having a horizontal stroke
midway through each numeral. Unique to this entry.
* paragraph tag, used always in pairs. Line breaks may
be embedded inside the paragraphs.
* marks the proper name of a person. Used only
occasionally, but should be used more frequently
for cases where first names are abbreviated,
to reduce ambiguity of the period for automatic
analysis. Where a title is given, prefixed
or postfixed, it is included in this tag.

* marks the name of a person, when only one name
(usually the last name) is given. Not used
consistently where it should be.

* Marks the name of a publication other than book,
which is marked by . It is often a
magazine or journal.
* Tags the name of a person who is speaking,
within a quotation.
Same as
* Collocation, plain text -- used to tag phrases that
should be parsed as a unit, but has no typographical
significance.
italic Always right-justified, as described for .
* A reference to a word in the vocabulary.
* Marks the set of references used for a longer article
such as a biography.
* Marks the name of a river -- a proper name
* Right justified
* Designates a row in a table.
* Name of a geopolitical state, the first subdivision of
a country. Includes, e.g. Canadian provinces.
* Lists subtypes of the headword.
^{* superscript
* Supra. The two parts of each such field
are stacked, one over the other, *without* a
horizontal bar between (as in a fraction).
Used only in one entry, for a musical notation.}
* Always a filled rectangular array, having and
elements.
bold, Collocation. A word combination containing the
smaller by headword (or a morphological derivative).
1 point The collocations do not have an explicitly
marked part of speech.
See also , tagging embedded collocations.

Collocation, no typographic significance.
Used to mark a word combination defined in
the dictionary without affect on font.

small caps The conjugated (non-infinitive) forms of
verbs. imp. & p. p. is common, as well as
p. pr. & vb. n. Irregular variants of
these are less common. Words in this
field perhaps should be indexed.

smaller Collocation segment. The font and size is
vertical normal in a cs, but the spacing between lines
spacing is smaller (0.9 mm between lower-case letters,
rather than 1.1 mm in the main body of the
definition). For an on-line dictionary,
reproducing this typography is probably
pointless.

small caps The actual morphological variants of nouns or
pronouns. Should be indexed.

* Embedded Collocation. A word combination
containing the headword (or a morphological
derivative, embedded within a definition
without a separate definitin of its own.
These collocations should be defined
implicitly by the text of the definition in
which they are embedded.
See also , tagging explicitly defined
collocations.
Small Caps Entry reference. References to headwords
within the "etymology" section are in small
caps. Such references also occur
in the body of definitions, and in "usage"
segments.
Such entry references should function as hypertext
buttons to access that entry.

* Etymology. Always contained within square
brackets. Normal type is used for explanatory
comments, and italics for the actual words
(marked ) considered as etymological
sources.

italic Etymological source. Words from which the
headword was derived, or to which it is related.
The Greek words within an etymology segment
are invariably etymology sources, and should
be marked as such, but are not so marked,
even in the rare cases where the Greek word
transliteration has been written in.

italic Etymological source, being the name of a person
or geographical location which is the eponym
for the concept. This is used to distinguish
eponymous etymologies from others, and can also
be found in the body of a definition or note,
not only in the etymology field. Very few
of the names that should be marked this way
have actually been so marked, as of version
0.42. In cases where such eponymous names
have not yet been thus marked, they will
usually be marked by , the non-semantic
italic-font marker, or, in etymologies, by
.

italic Example. An example of usage of the headword,
usually found within an or segment.

* Frequency of use, ordinal rank. This is used for
WordNet entries, in which the synonyms
were ranked in order of frequency of use.
1 indicates that the headword is the
first word on the list of synonyms.

* First use. A date at or around which the first
use of this word in writing is recorded.
Not in the original 1913 Webster, and usu.
taken from a recent dictionary. Only a few
such fields have been entered as of version
0.41

transliteration Greek. The Greek words have been transliterated
using the equivalents explained in the
file "webfonts.asc". In most cases, the
transliterations are typical for Greek
letters, except for theta (transl = q),
phi (transl. = f), eta (transl. = h), and
upsilon (transl. = y, whether pronounced
as y or u). This was to eliminate any
ambiguity. These words occur primarily
in etymologies, and to conform to the
usage of should also be marked
by , but as of version 0.41 they
are not usually thus marked.

bold, headword. Each main entry begins with the
larger by mark, and ends at the next mark. The
2 points main entries are not otherwise explicitly
marked as a distinctive field.
The same word may appear as a headword
several times, usually as different parts
of speech, but sometimes with different
entries as the same part of speech, presumably
to indicate a different etymology.
Within the hw field the heavy accent is
represented by double quote ("), the
light accent by open-single-quote (`),
and the short dash separating syllables by
an asterisk (*). A hyphen (-) is used to
represent the hyphen of hyphenated words.

italic, Usage mark. Almost always within square
brackets, occasionally in parentheses or
without any bracketing.
but The most common usage marks,
explanatory "Obs." = obsolete "R." = rare, "Colloq." =
may be plain. colloquial, "Prov. Eng." = Provincial England,
etc. are in italics. Some usage notes are also
marked with , but are in plain. For
simplicity, all words in this field may be
italic, until additional explicit marks are
added.

* A usage mark in plain type (not italic). Found
within a definition, when there are more than
one sense-number listed. "Fig." at the head
of an entry is the most common case.

* Multiple collocation. Similar to multiple
headword, when two or more collocations share
one definition; however, the two collocations
are in-line, rather than stacked or justified.
There may be "or" or "and" words
(italicised), or an "etc." (plain type)
within this field. In many cases, the
* Multiple headword. This field is used where
more than one headword shares a single
definition. In the dictionary, the
(usually) two headwords are left-justified
one below the other in the column, and are
tied together on the right side of the
headwords by a long right curly brace.
This division is strictly functional,
for analytical purposes, and does not
affect the typography.

* Noun morphology section. Rarely used, mostly
for irregular personal pronouns.

* Explanatory note. No explicit font is indicated.
These segments may be separate, as in the
separate paragraphs starting * Plural. The "plural" segment starts with a
"pl." which is italicised, but in this
segment is not otherwise marked as
italicised. Other words occurring in this
segment are plain type. The "pl." can be
easily explicitly marked if necessary.

italic Part of speech. Always an abbreviation: e.g.,
n.; v. i.; v. t.; a.; adv.; pron.; prep.
Combinations may occur, as "a. & n.".

small caps Plural word. The actual plural form of the word,
found within a segment.

* pronunciation. The default font is normal, but
many non-ASCII characters are used.
The pronunciation field may have more than
one pronunciation, separated by an " smaller by Quotation. No bracketing quotation marks,
two points, though occasionally \'bd-\'b8 quotations occur
centered, within these quotations. These quotations
Separate tend to be more complete sentences, rather
paragraph than just phrases, such as are contained
within quotation marks within the definition
paragraph.

italic, Quotation author. Used only for the quotations
right justified marked with that are centered in their
own paragraphs.

italic Quotation example. An example of usage of
the headword, within quotations marked
by .. tags.

italic Subdefinition, marked (a), (b), (c), etc. THese are
finer distinctions of word senses, used
within numbered word-sense (for main entries),
and also used for subdefinitions within
collocation segments, which have no numbering of
senses. The letter is italic, the parentheses
are not. This tag is also used to indicate the
lettered subdefinition when it is referred to
at another point in the text.

italic The name of a ship. Rarely used.

* Singular. Analogous to the segment, but more
rarely used, mostly for Indian tribes, which
are listed in the plural form.

small caps Singular word. The singular form of the
plural-form headword.

bold, Sense number. A headword may have over 20
larger by different sense numbers. Within each numbered
2 points sense there may be lettered sub-senses. See
the (sub-definition) field.

italic Source. The author of the definition. Used only
for definitions not originally present in
Webster 1913, and not present in the original
version intended to mimic the 1913 printed
dictionary. This source is used for each
word sense, and may differ for different
senses of a word, especially where a Web1913
definition was substantially modified, or a
new word sense was added to a previously
defined word.

plain Synonyms. A list of synonyms, sometimes followed
by a segment.

narrower Comparisons of word usage for words which are
spacing sometimes confused. As with collocation segments,
font is plain, but spacing is smaller than
normal definition spacing. This seems pointlessly
complicating for an on-line display.

* Verb morphology (conjugation) segment, delimited
by square brackets.

* Morphological derivatives not contained in the
bracketed segments, as above. For nouns
derived from adjectives, adverbs from
adjectives, etc. This segment is usually
found at the end of the main entry. The
adverbial and nominalized derivatives at the
end of a main entry are usually introduced
by an em dash [represented as two hyphens (--)].

bold, Same font as , with accents and syllable
larger by breaks marked as in the headword.
2 points Marks the actual morphological forms within
a segment; typically, adverbial or
nominalized form of an adjective.

* Second definition (occasionally, a third definition is
present). This is used where a second or third
part of speech with the same orthography is
placed under one headword. Within this segment,
there will be a field, and sometimes
a and/or a quotation.

* "Specifically:" Used to mark the words "specifically",
"Hence", "as" which are used to introduce a second
definition typically more specific than the first,
but in general derived by extension of the initial
definition. This functions as a warning of multiple
definitions where the sense-numbers are not explicitly
used. It is also useful in separate senses, to
tag polysemous definitions which may be
specializations or generalizations of the preceding
definition.

italic. Plural form.
Used exclusively to mark the "pl." abbreviation,
which introduces a definition for the headword,
*when used in the plural form*. Not related to
, which spells out the plural form, but does
define it.

italic Usage example. Used only a few times, within
segments.

italic supertype (hypernym) the inverse of and
identical to but not derived from WordNet.

plain, Chemical formula. The letters are plain font,
numbers but the numbers are subscript. This is mostly
subscript useful as a functional mark to pinpoint
chemicals.

plain, Chemical formula same as , but not
processed specially by the tag-converter program.
The letters are plain font, but the numbers are
subscript.
Used in place of when the formula has
a tag inside, which cannot now be processed by the
processing routine.

* chemical name. Used to allow a IUPAC chemical
name to be processed as a unit in spite of
embedded dashes, parentheses, and commas.

* "see" reference to related words, outside of the
main definition field.

italic Mathematical expression. In this dictionary,
essentially all letters (used as variable labels)
in math expressions are in italic font.
The "+" and "-" may also appear typographically
different from elsewhere in the dictionary.

italic Also a mathematical expression, but the colon and
double colon may have a different typography
than usual., as in a:b

italic Singular form. Analogous to , to define
the singular word where the headword is the
plural form. ** only modifies the word "sing."

* Morphological derivation. Used to mark the
entry-reference portions of those
entries which are defined as morphological
derivatives (plural, p. p., imp.) of other
headwords. Used just as an attempt to
mark and regularize the entry format.
May be ignored typographically.

a stack, Fraction. Used for non-numerical fractions
with which cannot be expressed as a superscript, Exponential. Used in mathematical expressions.
smaller
font.

italic Translation (e.g. of Greek), in the body of a
definition or etymology. Used only twice.

italic Word translated: the word in italic is translated
by a subsequent word. Usually in etymologies, where
the word translated is not actually etymologically
related to the headword. The translated word
is not necessarily English.

italic translation of the preceding word (or of the
headword) into English.

* Functional expression (math). The function names are
in plain type, the variables are italic.

italic Illustration reference. Used ony occasionally, not
yet (v. 0.41) consistently.

italic Figure reference.

* Figure caption.

* Figure title.

* tags a mathematical function or expression.

* Chemical reaction. Similar to chemical formulas (which
are contained but not explicitly marked), with
some other symbols.

italic Verb Particle. Only a few particles were actually
marked, but in a future version more may be.

? Table Title. Used only once.

italic Title of a literary work, movie, opera, musical
composition, etc. Used rarely but should be
used in every case, except in <au> references.

<root> * Square root -- differs from the entity <root/,
which is a square root sign that does not extend
beyond the number following it. The <root>
field has a bar (vinvulum) over the expression
within the field, as well as the square root symbol
preceding the expression in the field. Used only
once.

<vinc> * Vinculum. In a mathematical expression, a bar
extending over the expression within the field.
Used only once. This apparently serves the same
function as a parentheses, of causing the
expression within the field to be evaluated
and the result used as the (mathematical) value
of the field.

<nul> plain Nultype. An older version of <plain>.

<cd2> * Second collocation definition. Somewhat similar to
<def2>. Purely a mark to reduce functional ambiguity,
with no effect on the typography.

<hypen> * Hypernym. Mark introduced for the World Wide Webster,
when adding words from WordNet. In most cases, this
tag marks the WordNet hypernym (for nouns and verbs).
Where the <au> mark is PJC or includes a +PJC, the
hypernym may not be the same as in WordNet. The words
marked by this tag need to be bracketed in some way,
but this is deferred until the definitions included
with the hypernyms have been deleted, and other
disambiguating marks substituted.

<stype> italic Subtype. A functional mark, to point out words which
are conceptually subtypes of the headword.

<styp> * Subtype. A functional mark, to point out words which
are conceptually subtypes of the headword, but
with no *typographical* significance.

<simto> * Similar-to. A semantic relational mark for
closely related words which are not quite
synonyms, nor hypernyms, nor hyponyms. Introduced
with WordNet data.

<conseq> * Consequence. For adjectives, is an attribute which
or is a consequence of possessing the headword attribute.
<hascons> Introduced with WordNet data.

<consof> * Consequence of. For adjectives, an attribute which
implies the headword as a natural consequence.

<part> italic Part. Marks a word designating something which is
conceptually a part of the headword. Rarely used.

<parts> italic Part, plural form. Same as <part>, but marks the
name of the part in its plural form.

<partof> * Marks a word designating something of which the headword
is conceptually a part. Inverse of <part>.
This is very broad, and may mean constituent or
separable part.
Rarely used.

<contxt> * Context. Used only for introductions to definitions,
giving the context of usage, which are not part
of the definition proper, as:
<contxt>when used of a person:</contxt>

<grp> * Marks the name of a group of people not formally
organized.

<membof> italic marks a group of which the headword is a member.
This is rarely used, but should be indexed as
an entry word or phrase.

<member> italic marks a member of a group defined by the headword.
This is rarely used, but should be indexed as
an entry word or phrase.

<members> italic Same as <member>, but marks a plural word,
designating the name of the members in its plural form,
for lack of ambiguity.

<method> * Designates a special type of definition which
describes a method for achieving the headword,

used only once for the word "amend". The
subdefinitions begin with "by".

<corpn> * Name of a business company, corporation, or partnership.
Started using November 1988. Rare.

<corr> italic Correlative. A word intimately associated with the
headword in a manner such that one cannot
appear without the other. NOt exactly an inverse.

<qperson> italic marks the name of a person, quoted in a dialogue.
Used only in <q> blockquotes as of vers. 0.45.

<org> * marks the name of an organization; sometimes used
for the names of groups of people not
formally organized *see also <grp>.

<prod> italic produces. Designates a substance produced by
a living organism. Rarely used.

<prodp> * produces (plainfont). Designates a substance
produced by a living organism. Same as <prod>,
but does not affect font. Rarely used.

<prodby> * produced by. Designates a living organism which
produces the headword substance. Rarely used.

<prodmac> italic produces. Designates an object or substance produced
by a machine or process. Rarely used.

<stage> italic life stage of an organism. Used to indicate
variant forms of an organism defined by the
headword. Rarely used.

<stageof> * an organism one of whose life stages is the headword.
Inverse (correlative) of <stage>. Rarely used.

<inv> italic inversely related to headword -- e.g. depository
is the inverse of depositor; buyer is the inverse of
seller. Called "correlative" in the Webster 1913 and
the CIDE. Rarely used.

<methodfor> italic is a method to accomplish the action defined by
the headword. Rarely used, and only in the
supplemental section.

<examp> italic example or instance of the headword, where the
tagged and emphasized word is not a proper subtype.
--------------------------------------
<hw>Pa*ron"y*mous</hw> <sn>2.</sn> <def>Having a similar sound, but different orthography and different meaning; -- said of certain words, as <examp>all</examp> and <examp>awl</examp>; <examp>hair</examp> and <examp>hare</examp>, etc.</def><br/
[<source>1913 Webster</source>]
-------------------------------------

<sfield> * subfield of the headword, which must be a field
of study or of knowledge
<stage> italic a stage of life of the headword -- for living things,
such as insects, whose life stages may take different
names.

<unit> italic a unit of measure, usually preceded by a number.
Also used to tag the unit of a measure which is the
headword.

<uses> italic tags a tool or method used by the headword,
which is usually some process.

<usedfor> * tags a method or process for which the headword
is a tool.

<usedby> italic tags a tool or method which uses the headword,
which is usually a physical object.

<perf> italic performs -- tags a word which is a process or
activity performed by the headword.

<recipr> italic reciprocal -- used for cases where the tagged word
is a reciprocal participant in an action, such as
donor and recipient. The difference between this and
<inv> inverse has not yet been systematically settled.
Used seldom, and mostly in the supplemented version.

<sig> italic significance, meaning -- used in definitions where the
actual meaning is prefixed with commentary explaining
usage or other attributes of the word, as with
prefixes or suffixes.

<wns> italic WordNet sense. Where known, the correspondence of the
sense of an entry with that of WordNet 1.6 is
given after the definition, in a tag of the
form: <wns>[wns=3]</wns>, in which the number
is the numbered sense in WordNet.

<w16ns> italic WordNet version 1.6 sense. See <wns> for
explanation.
<wnote> * A note related to usage in the corresponding
WordNet definition.
=============================================================
Biological classifications:
---------------------------
<spn> italic Species name. Used to mark the taxonomic names
of living things which are represented in
italic font in the original printed version.
Originally, not only species, but genera, orders and
families were also thus marked. The conversion from
<spn> to <fam>, <gen>, or <ord> is not completed, and
<spn> may stil be found marking such groups.
However, orders and families are also frequently
mentioned in the original in normal font, and in such
cases are not marked with any tag. So, this mark
is not a reliable indicator of all mentions of
taxonomic names.
<kingdom> italic Taxonomic biological Kingdom name.
<phylum> italic Taxonomic phylum name.
<subphylum> italic Taxonomic subphylum name.
<class> italic Taxonomic class name.
<subclass> italic Taxonomic subclass name.
<ord> italic Taxonomic order name.
Also used for suborders, initially.
<subord> italic Taxonomic suborder name.
<suborder> italic Taxonomic suborder name.
<fam> italic Taxonomic family name. Also used to tag "tribes".
<subfam> italic Taxonomic subfamily name.
<gen> italic Taxonomic genus name.
<var> italic Variety. Used to mark subspecies or varities below
the level of species in living organism systematic
names.

<varn> italic Variety. Used to mark subspecies or varities below
the level of species in living organism systematic
names. Duplicative variant of <var>

* Table datum - one cell in a table
* Table header
* Tags a commercial Trade name
* Table title (Larger than normal font)
====================================================================

Functional Tags
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Tag Font Meaning
(Comparatives are relative to the plain font.)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
<-- --> * Comment, not a tag. These segments should be deleted
from the written or printed text.
Page numbers of the original text are indicated
within such comments; these may be left in, if
desired.

* HTML-style comment. Used to indicate page numbers
in the public domain version.

small caps Tags for the actual adjective or adverb
comparatives or superlatives. Should be
indexed. See also conjf (verbs) and
decf (nouns).

italic Alternative name. Usually for plants or animals,
but also used for other cases where words
are introduced by "also called", "called also",
"formerly called". These are functionally
*synonyms* for that word-sense.

italic Same as , but the marked word is a
plural form, whereas the headword is singular.

* Adjective morphological segment, primarily
the comparative and superlative forms.
The occasional adverb morphology is
also tagged this way.

* A segment occurring within the definitional
sentence, providing an example of usage of
the headword. Not conceptually a part of the
actual definition.

smaller spacing Collocation definition. Similar in structure
to headword definitions (the field). May
contain an field. Plain type, but with
closer spacing than main definitions.}