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\vspace{\abovedisplayskip}
\noindent
\macrodef{AND\_gate}{AND_gate}{({\sl n},N)}
  {log}
  {basic `and' gate, 2 or {\sl n\/} inputs; {\tt N}=negated input.
   Otherwise, arg1 can be a sequence of letters {\tt P|N}
   to define normal or negated inputs.}
\macrodef{AND\_gen}{AND_gen}{($n$,{\sl chars},[{\sl wid},[{\sl ht}]])}
  {log}
  {general AND gate: $n$=number of inputs $(0\leq n\leq 16)$;
           {\sl chars:}
           B=base and straight sides; A=Arc;
           [N]NE,[N]SE,[N]I,[N]N,[N]S=inputs or circles;
           [N]O=output; C=center.
   Otherwise, arg1 can be a sequence of letters {\tt P|N}
   to define normal or negated inputs.}
\macrodef{AND\_ht}{AND_ht}{}
  {log}
  {height of basic `and' and `or' gates in {\tt L\_unit}s}
\macrodef{AND\_wd}{AND_wd}{}
  {log}
  {width of basic `and' and `or' gates in {\tt L\_unit}s}
\macrodef{And, Or, Not, Nand, Nor, Xor, Nxor, Buffer}%
 {And, Or, Not, Nand, Nor, Xor, Nxor, Buffer}{}
  {log}
  {Wrappers of {\tt AND\_gate}, $\ldots$ for use in the {\tt Autologix}
   macro}
\macrodef{AutoGate}{AutoGate}{}
  {log}
  {Draw the tree for a gate as in the {\tt Autologix} macro.  No inputs
   or external connections are drawn.  The names of the internal gate
   inputs are stacked in {\tt `AutoInNames'}}
\macrodef{Autologix}{Autologix}%
 {({\sl Boolean function sequence},%
    [N[oconnect]][L[eftinputs]][R][V][M][;offset={\sl value}]}
  {log}
  {Draw the Boolean expressions defined in function notation
   using {\tt And, Or, Not, Buffer, Xor, Nand, Nor, Nxor}
   and variables, e.g.,
   {\tt Autologix(And(Or(x1,~x2),Or(~x1,x2)));}.
   The Boolean functions are separated by semicolons (;). Function
   outputs are aligned vertically but appending
   {\tt:}{\sl location attribute} to a function can be used to place it.
   Each unique variable {\sl var} causes an input point {\tt In}{\sl var} 
   to be defined.  Preceding the variable by a {\tt \~{}} causes a not gate
   to be drawn at the input.
   The inputs are drawn in a row at the upper left by default.
   An {\tt L} in arg2 draws the inputs in a column at the left;
   {\tt R} reverses the order of the drawn inputs;
   {\tt V} scans the expression from right to left
   when listing inputs;
   {\tt M} draws the left-right mirror image of the diagram;
   and {\tt N} draws only the function tree without the input array.
   The inputs are labelled {\tt In1}, {In2}, \ldots and the function
   outputs are {\tt Out1}, {Out2}, \dots.
   Each variable {\sl var} corresponds also to one of the input array
   points with label {\tt In}{\sl var}.
   Setting {\tt offset=}{\sl value} displaces the
   drawn input list in order to disambiguate the input connections when {\tt L}
   is used}
\macrodef{BOX\_gate}{BOX_gate}{({\sl inputs,output,swid,sht,label})}
  {log}
  {output=[{\tt P|N}], inputs=[{\tt P|N}]$\ldots$, sizes swid and sht
  in {\tt L\_unit}s (default {\tt AND\_wd} = 7)}
\macrodef{BUFFER\_gate}{BUFFER_gate}{({\sl linespec}, [N|B],
  {\sl wid, ht,} [N|P]\char42, [N|P]\char42, [N|P]\char42)}
  {log}
  {basic buffer, dfault 1 input or as a 2-terminal element,
    arg2: {\tt N}=negated input, {\tt B}=box gate; arg 5:
    normal ({\tt P}) or negated {\tt N}) inputs labeled In1 }
\macrodef{BUFFER\_gen}{BUFFER_gen}{({\sl chars,wd,ht},[N|P]*,[N|P]*,[N|P]*)}
  {log}
  {general buffer, {\sl chars:} {\tt T}=triangle,
            {\tt [N]O}=output location {\tt Out}
            ({\tt NO} draws circle {\tt N\_Out});
            {\tt [N]I, [N]N, [N]S, [N]NE, [N]SE}
            input locations; {\tt C}=centre location.
            Args 4-6 allow alternative
            definitions of respective {\tt In, NE,}
            and {\tt SE} argument sequences }
\macrodef{BUF\_ht}{BUF_ht}{}
  {log}
  {basic buffer gate height in {\tt L\_unit}s}
\macrodef{BUF\_wd}{BUF_wd}{}
  {log}
  {basic buffer gate width in {\tt L\_unit}s}
\macrodef{Cintersect}{Cintersect}{({\sl Pos1, Pos2, rad1, rad2,} [R])}
  {gen}
  {Upper (lower if arg5={\tt R}) intersection of circles at
    {\sl Pos1} and {\sl Pos2}, radius {\sl rad1} and {\sl rad2}}
\macrodef{Cos}{Cos}{({\sl integer})}
  {gen}
  {cosine function, {\sl integer\/} degrees}
\macrodef{Cosine}{Cosine}{( {\sl amplitude}, {\sl freq}, {\sl time},
    {\sl phase} )}
  {gen}
  {function $a\times\cos(\omega t + \phi)$ }
\macrodef{Darc}{Darc}{({\sl center position},
  {\sl radius}, {\sl start radians}, {\sl end radians},
  {\sl parameters})}
  {darrow}
  {Wrapper for {\tt darc}.
   CCW arc in {\tt dline} style, with closed ends or (dpic only) arrowheads.
  Semicolon-separated {\sl parameters}:
  {\tt thick=}{\sl value}, {\tt wid=}{\sl value}, {\tt ends=}
  {\sl x}{\tt -},
  {\tt -}{\sl x}, {\sl x}{\tt -}{\sl x}, {\tt ->}, {\sl x}{\tt ->},
  {\tt <-}, {\tt <-}{\sl x}, {\tt <->}
  where {\sl x} means {\tt |} or (half-thickness line) {\tt !}.}
\macrodef{Darlington}{Darlington}{(L|R,{\sl chars})}
  {cct}
  {Composite Darlington pair Q1 and Q2 with internal locations E, B, C;
   Characters in {\sl arg2:}
   E= envelope,
   P= P-type,
   B1= internal base lead,
   D= damper diode,
   R1= Q1 bias resistor; E1= ebox,
   R2= Q2 bias resistor; E1= ebox,
   Z= zener bias diode }
\macrodef{Darrow}{Darrow}{({\sl linespec}, {\sl parameters})}
  {darrow}
  {Wrapper for {\tt darrow}.
  Semicolon-separated {\sl parameters}:
    {\tt S}, {\tt E} truncate at start or end by dline thickness/2;
    {\tt thick=}{\sl val}   (total thicknes, ie width);
    {\tt wid=}{\sl val}     (arrowhead width);
    {\tt ht=}{\sl val}      (arrowhead height);
    {\tt ends=}
      {\sl x}{\tt -}{\sl x} or
      {\tt -}{\sl x} or
      {\sl x}{\tt -} where {\sl x} is {\tt !} (half-width line)
       or {\tt |} (full-width line).}
\macrodef{Dline}{Dline}{({\sl linespec}, {\sl parameters})}
  {darrow}
  {Wrapper for {\tt dline}.
  Semicolon-separated {\sl parameters}:
    {\tt S}, {\tt E} truncate at start or end by dline thickness/2;
    {\tt thick=}{\sl val}   (total thicknes, ie width);
    {\tt ends=}
      {\sl x}{\tt -}{\sl x} or
      {\tt -}{\sl x} or
      {\sl x}{\tt -} where {\sl x} is {\tt !} (half-width line)
       or {\tt |} (full-width line).}
\macrodef{E\_}{E_}{}
  {gen}
  {the constant $e$}
\macrodef{Equidist3}{Equidist3}{({\sl Pos1, Pos2, Pos3, Result})}
  {gen}
  {Calculates location named {\sl Result} equidistant from the first three
   positions, i.e.\ the centre of the circle passing through the three
   positions}
\macrodef{FF\_ht}{FF_ht}{}
  {cct}
  {flipflop height parameter in {\tt L\_unit}s}
\macrodef{FF\_wid}{FF_wid}{}
  {cct}
  {flipflop width parameter in {\tt L\_unit}s}
\macrodef{Fector}{Fector}{(x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2)}
  {3D}
  {vector projected on current view plane with top face
   of 3-dimensonal arrowhead normal to x2,y2,z2 }
\macrodef{FTcap}{FTcap}{({\sl chars})}
  {cct}
  {Feed-through capacitor; example of a composite element derived from
   a two-terminal element.  Defined points: {\sl .Start, .End, .C .T1 .T2 T}
   Arg 1: (default) {\tt A}= type A, {\tt B}= type B, {\tt C}= type C }
\macrodef{FlipFlop}{FlipFlop}{(D|T|RS|JK, {\sl label}, {\sl boxspec})}
  {log}
  {flip-flops,
  {\sl boxspec}=e.g.\ ht x wid y}
\macrodef{FlipFlop6}{FlipFlop6}{({\sl label}, {\sl spec}, {\sl boxspec})}
  {log}
  {{\em This macro (6-input flip-flops)
    has been superseded by {\tt FlipFlopX} and may be deleted
    in future}.
    {\sl spec}={\tt [[n]NQ][[n]Q][[n]CK][[n]PR][lb]}
    {\tt [[n]CLR][[n]S][[n].|D|T|R]} to include and negate pins,
    {\tt lb} to print labels }
\macrodef{FlipFlopJK}{FlipFlopJK}{({\sl label}, {\sl spec},{\sl boxspec})}
  {log}
  {{\em This macro (JK flip-flop)
    has been superseded by {\tt FlipFlopX} and may be deleted
    in future}.
   Similar to {\tt FlipFlop6}.}
\macrodef{FlipFlopX}{FlipFlopX}{({\sl boxspec, label, leftpins, toppins, rightpins,
   bottompins})}
  {log}
  {General flipflop.  Each of args 3 to 6 is null or a string of {\sl pinspecs}
   separated by semicolons ({\tt;}).  {\sl Pinspecs} are either empty
   or of the form
   {\tt[}{\sl pinopts}{\tt]:[}{\sl label}{\tt[:}{\sl Picname}{\tt]]}.
   The first colon draws the pin.
   Pins are placed top to bottom or left to right along the box edges with
   null {\sl pinspecs} counted for placement. Pins are named by side and number
   by default; eg {\tt W1, W2, ..., N1, N2, ..., E1, ..., S1, ...} ; however,
   if {\tt:}{\sl Picname} is present in a {\sl pinspec} then {\sl Picname}
   replaces the default name.
   A {\sl pinspec} label is text placed at the pin base. Semicolons are
   not allowed in labels; use, e.g., {\tt \char92{}char59\char123\char125}
   instead,
   and to put a bar over a label, use {\tt lg\_bartxt(}{\sl label}{\tt)}.
   The {\sl pinopts} are {\tt[N|L|M][E]};
 {\tt N}=pin with not circle;
 {\tt L}=active low out; {\tt M}=active low in;
 {\tt E}=edge trigger.}
\macrodef{G\_hht}{G_hht}{}
  {log}
  {gate half-height in {\tt L\_unit}s}
\macrodef{H\_ht}{H_ht}{}
  {log}
  {hysteresis symbol dimension in {\tt L\_unit}s}
\macrodef{Header}{Header}{(1|2,{\sl rows,wid,ht,type})}
  {log}
  {Header block with 1 or 2 columns and square Pin 1}
\macrodef{HeaderPin}{HeaderPin}{({\sl location, type, Picname},%
n|e|s|w,{\sl length})}
  {log}
  {General pin for {\tt Header} macro; arg 4 specifies pin direction
   with respect to the current drawing direction)}
\macrodef{Int\_}{Int_}{}
  {gen}
  {corrected (old) gpic $int()$ function}
\macrodef{IOdefs}{IOdefs}{({\sl linespec},{\sl label},[P|N]*,L|R) }
  {log}
  {Define locations {\sl label}{\tt 1}, $\ldots$ {\sl label}{\tt n}
    along the line; {\tt P}= label only;
    {\tt N}=with {\tt NOT\_circle};
    {\tt R}=circle to right of current direction }
\macrodef{Intersect\_}{Intersect_}{({\sl Name1},{\sl Name2})}
  {gen}
  {intersection of two named lines}
\macrodef{LCintersect}{LCintersect}{({\sl line name, Centre, rad,} [R])}
  {gen}
  { First (second if arg4 is R) intersection of a line with a circle}
\macrodef{LCtangent}{LCtangent}{({\sl Pos1, Centre, rad,} [R])}
  {gen}
  { Left (right if arg4=R) tangent point of line
     from Pos1 to circle at Centre with radius arg3}
\macrodef{LH\_symbol}{LH_symbol}{(U|D|L|R|degrees)}
  {log}
  {logic-gate hysteresis symbol}
\macrodef{Loopover\_}{Loopover_}{(`{\sl variable}',{\sl actions},{\sl value1,
   value2, $\ldots$})}
  {gen}
  {Repeat {\sl actions} with {\sl variable} set successively to
   {\sl value1, value2, $\ldots$}, setting macro {\tt m4Lx} to 1, 2, $\ldots$}
\macrodef{LT\_symbol}{LT_symbol}{(U|D|L|R|degrees)}
  {log}
  {logic-gate triangle symbol}
\macrodef{L\_unit}{L_unit}{}
  {log}
  {logic-element grid size}
\macrodef{Max}{Max}{({\sl arg, arg, $\ldots$})}
  {gen}
  {Max of an arbitrary number of inputs}
\macrodef{Min}{Min}{({\sl arg, arg, $\ldots$})}
  {gen}
  {Min of an arbitrary number of inputs}
\macrodef{Mux}{Mux}{({\sl n},{\sl label}, {\tt [L][B|H][N[{\sl n}]|S[{\sl n}]],
   {\sl wid},{\sl ht}})}
  {log}
  {binary multiplexer, $n$ inputs,
    {\tt L} reverses input pin numbers,
    {\tt B} displays binary pin numbers,
    {\tt H} displays hexadecimal pin numbers,
    {\tt N[{\sl n}]} puts Sel or Sel$0$ .. Sel$n$ at the top
    (i.e., to the left of the drawing direction),
    {\tt S[{\sl n}]} puts the Sel inputs at the bottom (default)}
\macrodef{Mux\_ht}{Mux_ht}{}
  {cct}
  {Mux height parameter in {\tt L\_unit}s}
\macrodef{Mux\_wid}{Mux_wid}{}
  {cct}
  {Mux width parameter in {\tt L\_unit}s}
\macrodef{Mx\_pins}{Mx_pins}{}
  {log}
  {max number of gate inputs without wings}
\macrodef{NAND\_gate}{NAND_gate}{({\sl n},N)}
  {log}
  {`nand' gate, 2 or {\sl n\/} inputs; N=negated input.
   Otherwise, arg1 can be a sequence of letters {\tt P|N}
   to define normal or negated inputs.}
\macrodef{NOR\_gate}{NOR_gate}{({\sl n},N)}
  {log}
  {`nor' gate, 2 or {\sl n\/} inputs; N=negated input.
   Otherwise, arg1 can be a sequence of letters {\tt P|N}
   to define normal or negated inputs.}
\macrodef{NOT\_circle}{NOT_circle}{}
  {log}
  {`not' circle}
\macrodef{NOT\_gate}{NOT_gate}{({\sl linespec},N)}
  {log}
  {`not' gate, 1 input or as a 2-terminal element, N=negated input}
\macrodef{NOT\_rad}{NOT_rad}{}
  {log}
  {`not' radius in absolute units}
\macrodef{NPDT}{NPDT}{({\sl npoles,] [R]})}
  {cct}
  {Double-throw switch; {\sl npoles:} number of poles;
   {\tt R}= right orientation with respect to drawing direction}
\macrodef{NXOR\_gate}{NXOR_gate}{({\sl n},N)}
  {log}
  {`nxor' gate, 2 or {\sl n\/} inputs; N=negated input.
   Otherwise, arg1 can be a sequence of letters {\tt P|N}
   to define normal or negated inputs.}
\macrodef{N\_diam}{N_diam}{}
  {log}
  {diameter of `not' circles in {\tt L\_unit}s}
\macrodef{N\_rad}{N_rad}{}
  {log}
  {radius of `not' circles in {\tt L\_unit}s}
\macrodef{OR\_gate}{OR_gate}{({\sl n},N)}
  {log}
  {`or' gate, 2 or {\sl n\/} inputs; N=negated input.
   Otherwise, arg1 can be a sequence of letters {\tt P|N}
   to define normal or negated inputs.}
\macrodef{OR\_gen}{OR_gen}{($n$,{\sl chars},[{\sl wid},[{\sl ht}]])}
  {log}
  {general OR gate: $n$=number of inputs $(0\leq n\leq 16)$;
    {\sl chars:} B=base and straight sides; A=Arcs;
           [N]NE,[N]SE,[N]I,[N]N,[N]S=inputs or circles;
           [N]P=XOR arc; [N]O=output; C=center.
   Otherwise, arg1 can be a sequence of letters {\tt P|N}
   to define normal or negated inputs.}
\macrodef{OR\_rad}{OR_rad}{}
  {log}
  {radius of OR input face in {\tt L\_unit}s}
\macrodef{Point\_}{Point_}{({\sl integer})}
  {gen}
  {sets direction cosines in degrees}
\macrodef{Rect\_}{Rect_}{({\sl radius},{\sl angle})}
  {gen}
  {(deg) polar-to-rectangular conversion}
\macrodef{SIdefaults}{SIdefaults}{}
  {gen}
  {Sets {\tt scale = 25.4} for drawing units in mm, and sets
   pic parameters {\tt lineht = 12, linewid = 12, moveht = 12, movewid = 12,
    arcrad = 6, circlerad = 6, boxht = 12, boxwid = 18, ellipseht = 12,
    ellipsewid = 18, dashwid = 2, arrowht = 3, arrowwid = arrowht/2,}}
\macrodef{Sin}{Sin}{({\sl integer})}
  {gen}
  {sine function, {\sl integer\/} degrees}
\macrodef{SQUID}{SQUID}{({\sl n, diameter, initial angle}, {\tt ccw|cw})}
  {cct}
  {Superconducting quantum interface device
   with {\sl }n junctions labeled {\tt J1, ... J}{\sl n}
   placed around a circle with initial
   angle -90 deg (by default) with respect
   to the current drawing direction. The
   default diameter is {\tt dimen\_} }
\macrodef{View3D}{View3D}{}
  {3D}
  {The view vector (triple) defined by {\tt setview({\sl azim, elev})}. The
   {\tt project}
   macro projects onto the plane perpendicular to this vector}
\macrodef{Vperp}{Vperp}{({\sl position name}, {\sl position name})}
  {gen}
  {unit-vector pair CCW-perpendicular to line joining two named positions}
\macrodef{XOR\_gate}{XOR_gate}{({\sl n},N)}
  {log}
  {`xor' gate, 2 or {\sl n\/} inputs; N=negated input.
   Otherwise, arg1 can be a sequence of letters {\tt P|N}
   to define normal or negated inputs.}
\macrodef{XOR\_off}{XOR_off}{}
  {log}
  {XOR and NXOR offset of input face}
\macrodef{above\_}{above_}{}
  {gen}
  {string position above relative to current direction}
\macrodef{abs\_}{abs_}{({\sl number})}
  {gen}
  {absolute value function}
\macrodef{adc}{adc}{({\sl width,height},nIn,nN,nOut,nS)}
  {cct}
  {ADC with defined width, height, and number of inputs {\tt In$i$},
    top terminals {\tt N$i$}, ouputs {\tt Out$i$},
    and bottom terminals~{\tt S$i$}}
\macrodef{addtaps}{addtaps}{[{\sl arrowhd}
  | type={\sl arrowhd};name={\sl Name}],
    {\sl fraction, length, fraction, length,} $\cdots$)}
  {cct}
  {Add taps to the previous two-terminal element.
   {\sl arrowhd} = blank or one of {\tt . - <- -> <->}.
   Each fraction determines the position along the element body of the tap.
   A negative length draws the tap to the right of the current
   direction; positive length to the left.
   Tap names are Tap1, Tap2, $\cdots$ by default  or
   Name1, Name2, $\cdots$ if specified }
\macrodef{amp}{amp}{({\sl linespec},{\sl size})}
  {cct}
  {amplifier}
\macrodef{along\_}{along_}{({\sl linear object name})}
  {gen}
  {short for {\tt between name.start and name.end}}
\macrodef{antenna}{antenna}{%
  (at {\sl location}, T, A|L|T|S|D|P|F, U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees})}
  {cct}
  {antenna, without stem for nonblank 2nd arg; {\tt A}=aerial,
    {\tt L}=loop, {\tt T}=triangle, {\tt S}=diamond, {\tt D}=dipole,
    {\tt P}=phased, {\tt F}=fork;
    up, down, left, right, or angle from horizontal (default 90) }
\macrodef{arca}{arca}{({\sl absolute chord linespec}, ccw|cw, {\sl radius},
   {\sl modifiers}) }
  {gen}
  {arc with acute angle (obtuse if radius is negative), drawn in a [ ] block}
\macrodef{arcd}{arcd}{({\sl center},
  {\sl radius},{\sl start degrees},{\sl end degrees}) }
  {gen}
  {arc definition (see {\tt arcr}), angles in degrees}
\macrodef{arcr}{arcr}{({\sl center},{\sl radius},{\sl start angle},{\sl
    end angle}) }
  {gen}
  {arc definition, e.g., {\tt arcr(A,r,0,pi\_/2) cw ->}}
\macrodef{arcto}{arcto}{({\sl position 1},{\sl position 2},{\sl
    radius},[dashed|dotted])}
  {gen}
  {line toward position 1 with rounded corner toward position 2}
\macrodef{arrowline}{arrowline}{({\sl linespec})}
  {cct}
  {line (dotted, dashed permissible) with centred arrowhead}
\macrodef{b\_}{b_}{}
  {gen}
  {blue color value}
\macrodef{b\_current}{b_current}{({\sl label},{\sl pos},In|Out,Start|End,{\sl
    frac})}
  {cct}
  {labelled branch-current arrow to {\sl frac} between branch end and body}
\macrodef{basename\_}{basename_}{({\sl string sequence, separator})}
  {gen}
  {Extract the rightmost name from a sequence of names separated by arg2
   (default dot ``.'')}
\macrodef{battery}{battery}{({\sl linespec},n,R)}
  {cct}
  {n-cell battery: default 1 cell,
  R=reversed polarity}
\macrodef{beginshade}{beginshade}{({\sl gray value})}
  {gen}
  {begin gray shading, see {\tt shade}
   e.g., {\tt beginshade(.5);} {\sl closed line specs}; {\tt endshade}}
\macrodef{bell}{bell}{( U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees}, {\sl size})}
  {cct}
  {bell, {\sl In1} to {\sl In3} defined}
\macrodef{below\_}{below_}{}
  {gen}
  {string position relative to current direction}
\macrodef{bi\_tr}{bi_tr}{({\sl linespec},L|R,P,E)}
  {cct}
  {left or right, N- or P-type bipolar transistor, without or with envelope }
\macrodef{bi\_trans}{bi_trans}{({\sl linespec},L|R,{\sl chars},E)}
  {cct}
  { bipolar transistor, core left or right; chars:
   {\tt BU}=bulk line,
   {\tt B}=base line and label,
   {\tt S}=Schottky base hooks,
   {\tt uEn|dEn}=emitters E0 to En,
   {\tt uE|dE}=single emitter,
   {\tt Cn|uCn|dCn}=collectors C0 to Cn; {\tt u} or {\tt d} add an arrow,
   {\tt C}=single collector; {\tt u} or {\tt d} add an arrow,
   {\tt G}=gate line and location,
   {\tt H}=gate line; {\tt L}=L-gate line and location,
   {\tt [d]D}=named parallel diode,
   {\tt d}=dotted connection,
   {\tt [u]T}=thyristor trigger line;
   arg 4 = E: envelope
   }
\macrodef{binary\_}{binary_}{($n$, [$m$])}
  {gen}
  {binary representation of $n,$ left padded to $m$ digits if the second
   argument is nonblank}
\macrodef{boxcoord}{boxcoord}{({\sl planar obj},{\sl x fraction},{\sl y
    fraction})}
  {gen}
  {internal point in a planar object}
\macrodef{boxdim}{boxdim}{({\sl name},h|w|d|v,{\sl default})}
  {gen}
  {evaluate, e.g.\ {\sl name}{\tt \_w} if defined, else {\sl default\/}
   if given, else 0 {\tt v} gives sum of {\tt d} and {\tt h} values }
\macrodef{bp\_\_}{bp__}{}
  {gen}
  {big-point-size factor, in scaled inches, ({\tt *scale/72})}
\macrodef{bswitch}{bswitch}{({\sl linespec}, [L|R],chars)}
  {cct}
  {pushbutton switch R=right orientation (default L=left);
     chars: O= normally open, C=normally closed }
\macrodef{buzzer}{buzzer}{( U|D|L|R|degrees, size,[C])}
  {cct}
  {buzzer, {\sl In1} to {\sl In3} defined, C=curved}
\macrodef{c\_fet}{c_fet}{({\sl linespec},L|R,P)}
  {cct}
  {left or right, plain or negated pin simplified MOSFET}
\macrodef{capacitor}{capacitor}{({\sl linespec},{\sl char}[+[L]],R,
    {\sl height}, {\sl wid})}
  {cct}
  {capacitor, {\sl char}: F or none=flat plate, C=curved-plate,
    E=polarized boxed plates,
    K=filled boxed plates,
    M=unfilled boxes,
    M=one rectangular plate,
    P=alternate polarized; + adds a polarity sign;
    +L polarity sign to the left of drawing direction;
    arg3:  R=reversed polarity,
    arg4 = height (defaults F: {\tt dimen\_}$/3$,
      C,P: {\tt dimen\_}$/4$, E,K: {\tt dimen\_}$/5$)
    arg5 = wid (defaults F: {\sl height}*0.3,
      C,P: {\sl height}*0.4, E,K: {\sl height}) }
\macrodef{cbreaker}{cbreaker}{({\sl linespec}, L|R, D|T|TS)}
  {cct}
  {circuit breaker to left or right, {\tt D}=with dots; {\tt T}=thermal;
   {\tt TS}=squared thermal}
\macrodef{ccoax}{ccoax}{(at {\sl location}, M|F, {\sl diameter})}
  {cct}
  {coax connector, {\tt M}=male, {\tt F}=female}
\macrodef{cct\_init}{cct_init}{}
  {cct}
  {initialize circuit-diagram environment (reads {\tt libcct.m4})}
\macrodef{centerline\_}{centerline_}{({\sl linespec, thickness{\tt|}color,
   minimum long dash len, short dash len, gap len}}
  {gen}
  {Technical drawing centerline}
\macrodef{clabel}{clabel}{({\sl label},{\sl label},{\sl label})}
  {cct}
  {centre triple label}
\macrodef{consource}{consource}{({\sl linespec},V|I|v|i,R)}
  {cct}
  {voltage or current controlled source with alternate forms;
   {\tt R}=reversed polarity}
\macrodef{contact}{contact}{({\sl chars})}
  {cct}
  {single-pole contact: {\tt P}= three position, {\tt O}= normally open,
   {\tt C}= normally closed, {\tt I}= circle contacts, {\tt R}= right
   orientation}
\macrodef{contline}{contline}{({\sl line})}
  {gen}
  {evaluates to {\tt continue}
    if processor is {\bf dpic}, otherwise to first arg (default {\tt line})}
\macrodef{corner}{corner}{({\sl line thickness,color})}
  {gen}
  {filled square to make square corner at line intersection}
\macrodef{cosd}{cosd}{({\sl arg})}
  {gen}
  {cosine of an expression in degrees}
\macrodef{cross}{cross}{(at {\sl location})}
  {gen}
  {plots a small cross}
\macrodef{cross3D}{cross3D}{(x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2)}
  {3D}
  {cross product of two triples}
\macrodef{crossover}{crossover}{({\sl linespec}, L|R, Line1, ...)}
  {cct}
  {line jumping left or right over named lines}
\macrodef{crosswd\_}{crosswd_}{}
  {gen}
  {cross dimension}
\macrodef{csdim\_}{csdim_}{}
  {cct}
  {controlled-source width}
\macrodef{dac}{dac}{({\sl width,height},nIn,nN,nOut,nS)}
  {cct}
  {DAC with defined width, height, and number of inputs {\tt In$i$},
    top terminals {\tt N$i$}, ouputs {\tt Out$i$},
    and bottom terminals~{\tt S$i$}}
\macrodef{d\_fet}{d_fet}{({\sl linespec},L|R,P,S,E|S)}
  {cct}
  {left or right, N or P depletion MOSFET, normal or simplified,
    without or with envelope or thick channel}
\macrodef{dabove}{dabove}{(at {\sl location})}
  {darrow}
  {above (displaced dlinewid/2)}
\macrodef{darc}{darc}{({\sl center position},
  {\sl radius}, {\sl start radians}, {\sl end radians}, {\sl dline thickness},
  {\sl arrowhead wid}, {\sl arrowhead ht},
  {\sl terminals})}
  {darrow}
  {See also {\tt Darc}.
   CCW arc in {\tt dline} style, with closed ends or (dpic only) arrowheads.
  Permissible {\sl terminals}:
  {\sl x}{\tt -},
  {\tt -}{\sl x}, {\sl x}{\tt -}{\sl x}, {\tt ->}, {\sl x}{\tt ->},
  {\tt <-}, {\tt <-}{\sl x}, {\tt <->}
  where {\sl x} means {\tt |} or (half-thickness line) {\tt !}.}
\macrodef{darrow}{darrow}{({\sl linespec},
  t,t,{\sl width},{\sl arrowhd wd},{\sl arrowhd ht},{\sl parameters})}
  {darrow}
  {See also {\tt Darrow}.
   double arrow, truncated at beginning or end, specified sizes,
    with arrowhead or closed stem.
    {\sl parameters=}
    {\tt {\sl x}-} or {\tt ->} or {\tt {\sl x}->} or {\tt <-} or {\tt <-{\sl x}}
    or {\tt <->} where {\sl x} is {\tt |} or {\tt !}.
    The {\tt !-} or {\tt -!} parameters close
    the stem with half-thickness lines to simplify butting to other objects. }
\macrodef{darrow\_init}{darrow_init}{}
  {darrow}
  {initialize darrow drawing parameters (reads {\tt darrow.m4})}
\macrodef{dashline}{dashline}{({\sl linespec},{\sl thickness}|{\sl color}|<->,
                                  {\sl dash len, gap len},G)}
  {gen}
  {dashed line with dash at end ({\tt G} ends with gap)}
\macrodef{dbelow}{dbelow}{(at {\sl location})}
  {darrow}
  {below (displaced dlinewid/2)}
\macrodef{dcosine3D}{dcosine3D}{(i,x,y,z)}
  {3D}
  {extract i-th entry of triple x,y,z}
\macrodef{def\_bisect}{def_bisect}{}
  {gen}
  {defines the pic procedure bisect ( func, xmin, xmax, eps, result )
   that finds a root of func(arg,value) to precision eps in the interval
   (xmin,xmax) by the method of bisection}
\macrodef{delay}{delay}{({\sl linespec},{\sl size})}
  {cct}
  {delay element}
\macrodef{delay\_rad\_}{delay_rad_}{}
  {cct}
  {delay radius}
\macrodef{deleminit\_}{deleminit_}{}
  {darrow}
  {sets drawing direction for dlines}
\macrodef{dend}{dend}{(at {\sl location})}
  {darrow}
  {close (or start) double line}
\macrodef{dfillcolor}{dfillcolor}{}
  {darrow}
  {dline fill color (default white)}
\macrodef{diff3D}{diff3D}{(x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2)}
  {3D}
  {difference of two triples}
\macrodef{diff\_}{diff_}{({\sl a},{\sl b})}
  {gen}
  {difference function}
\macrodef{dimen\_}{dimen_}{}
  {cct}
  {size parameter for circuit elements}
\macrodef{dimension\_}{dimension_}{({\sl linespec},{\sl offset},{\sl label},
    D|H|W|{\sl blank width},{\sl tic offset},{\sl arrowhead })}
  {gen}
  {macro for dimensioning diagrams;
      {\sl arrowhead=}{\tt -> | <-}}
\macrodef{diode}{diode}{({\sl linespec},%
B|CR|D|K|L|LE[R]|P[R]|S|T|V|v|w|Z,%
[R][E])}
  {cct}
  {diode:
   {\tt B}=bi-directional,
   {\tt CR}=current regulator,
   {\tt D}=diac,
   {\tt K}=open form,
   {\tt L}=open form with centre line,
   {\tt LED[R]}=LED [right],
   {\tt P[R]}=photodiode [right],
   {\tt S}=Schottky,
   {\tt T}=tunnel,
   {\tt V}=varicap,
   {\tt v}=varicap (curved plate),
   {\tt w}=varicap (reversed polarity),
   {\tt Z}=zener;
   arg 4: {\tt R}=reversed polarity, {\tt E}=enclosure }
\macrodef{dir\_}{dir_}{}
  {darrow}
  {used for temporary storage of direction by darrow macros}
\macrodef{distance}{distance_}{({\sl Position 1}, {\sl Position2})}
  {gen}
  {distance between named positions}
\macrodef{distance}{distance}{({\sl position}, {\sl position})}
  {gen}
  {distance between positions}
\macrodef{dlabel}{dlabel}{({\sl long},{\sl lat},{\sl label},{\sl
     label},{\sl label},{\sl chars})}
  {cct}
  {general triple label; {\sl chars:}
    X displacement is from the centre of the last
      line rather than the centre of the last {\tt [ ]};
    L,R,A,B align labels ljust, rjust, above,
      or below (absolute) respectively }
\macrodef{dleft}{dleft}{}
  {darrow}
  {double line left turn}
\macrodef{dline}{dline}{({\sl linespec},t,t,{\sl width},{\sl parameters})}
  {darrow}
  {See also {\tt Dline}.
   Double line, truncated by half width at either end, closed
    at either or both ends.
   {\sl parameters=}
      {\sl x}{\tt -}{\sl x} or
      {\tt -}{\sl x} or
      {\sl x}{\tt -} where {\sl x} is {\tt !} (half-width line)
       or {\tt |} (full-width line).}
\macrodef{dlinewid}{dlinewid}{}
  {darrow}
  {width of double lines}
\macrodef{dn\_}{dnx}{}
  {gen}
  {down with respect to current direction}
\macrodef{dljust}{dljust}{(at {\sl location})}
  {darrow}
  {ljust (displaced dlinewid/2)}
\macrodef{dna\_}{dna_}{}
  {cct}
  {characters that determine which components are drawn}
\macrodef{dnm\_}{dnm_}{}
  {cct}
  {similar to dna\_}
\macrodef{dot}{dot}{(at {\sl location},{\sl radius},{\sl fill})}
  {gen}
  {filled circle (third arg= gray value: 0=black, 1=white)}
\macrodef{dot3D}{dot3D}{(x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2)}
  {3D}
  {dot product of two triples}
\macrodef{dotrad\_}{dotrad_}{}
  {gen}
  {dot radius}
\macrodef{down\_}{down_}{}
  {gen}
  {sets current direction to down}
\macrodef{dright}{dright}{}
  {darrow}
  {double arrow right turn}
\macrodef{drjust}{drjust}{(at {\sl location})}
  {darrow}
  {rjust (displaced dlinewid/2)}
\macrodef{dswitch}{dswitch}{({\sl linespec},L|R,W[ud]B[K]{\sl chars})}
  {cct}
  {SPST switch left or right, W=baseline, B=contact blade,
    dB=contact blade to the right of drawing direction,
         K=vertical closing contact line,
         C = external operating mechanism,
         D = circle at contact and hinge,
             (dD = hinge only, uD = contact only)
         E = emergency button,
         EL = early close
            (or late open),
         LE = late close (or early open),
         F = fused,
         H = time delay closing,
         uH = time delay opening,
         HH = time delay
             opening and closing,
         K = vertical closing contact,
         L = limit,
         M = maintained (latched),
         MM = momentary contact on make,
         MR = momentary contact on release,
         MMR = momentary contact
            on make and release,
         O = hand operation button,
         P = pushbutton,
         T = thermal control linkage,
         Y = pull switch,
         Z = turn switch
   }
\macrodef{dtee}{dtee}{([L|R])}
  {darrow}
  {double arrow tee junction with tail to left,
   right, or (default) back along current direction }
\macrodef{dtor\_}{dtor_}{}
  {gen}
  {degrees to radians conversion constant}
\macrodef{dturn}{dturn}{({\sl degrees ccw})}
  {darrow}
  {turn dline arg1 degrees left (ccw)}
\macrodef{e\_}{e_}{}
  {gen}
  {.e relative to current direction}
\macrodef{e\_fet}{e_fet}{({\sl linespec},L|R,P,S,E|S)}
  {cct}
  {left or right, N or P enhancement MOSFET, normal
   or simplified, without or with envelope or thick channel }
\macrodef{earphone}{earphone}{( U|D|L|R|degrees, size)}
  {cct}
  {earphone, {\sl In1} to {\sl In3} defined}
\macrodef{ebox}{ebox}{({\sl linespec},{\sl length},{\sl ht},{\sl fill value})}
  {cct}
  { two-terminal box element with adjustable dimensions and fill
   value 0 (black) to 1 (white). {\sl length} and {\sl ht} are relative
   to the direction of {\sl linespec} }
\macrodef{elchop}{elchop}{({\sl E},{\sl A})}
  {gen}
  {{\tt chop} for ellipses: evaluates to {\tt chop} $r$ where $r$ is
    the distance from the centre of ellipse E to the intersection of E with
    a line to location A; e.g., {\tt line from A to E elchop(E,A)}}
\macrodef{eleminit\_}{eleminit_}{({\sl linespec})}
  {cct}
  {internal line initialization}
\macrodef{elen\_}{elen_}{}
  {cct}
  {default element length}
\macrodef{em\_arrows}{em_arrows}{([N|I|E][D],{\sl angle,length})}
  {cct}
  {radiation arrows, N=nonionizing, I=ionizing, E=simple; D=dot}
\macrodef{endshade}{endshade}{}
  {gen}
  {end gray shading, see {\tt beginshade}}
\macrodef{expe}{expe}{}
  {gen}
  {exponential, base $e$}
\macrodef{f\_box}{f_box}{({\sl boxspecs},{\sl text},{\sl expr1},$\cdots$)}
  {gen}
  {like {\tt s\_box} but the text is overlaid on a box of identical size.
   If there is only one argument then the default box
   is invisible and filed white}
\macrodef{fill\_}{fill_}{({\sl number})}
  {gen}
  {fill macro, 0=black, 1=white}
\macrodef{fitcurve}{fitcurve}{(V,n,[e.g. dotted],m (default 0))}
  {gen}
  {Draw a spline through V[m],...V[n]: Works only with dpic:
    V[m]:{\sl position}; ... V[n]:{\sl position}}
\macrodef{for\_}{for_}{({\sl start},{\sl end},{\sl increment},`{\sl actions}')}
  {gen}
  {integer for loop with index variable {\tt m4x}}
\macrodef{fuse}{fuse}{({\sl linespec, type, wid, ht})}
  {cct}
  {fuse symbol, type$=$
  {\tt  A|B|C|D|S|HB|HC} or {\tt dA=D}}
\macrodef{g\_}{g_}{}
  {gen}
  {green color value}
\macrodef{gap}{gap}{({\sl linespec},{\sl fill},A)}
  {cct}
  {gap with (filled) dots, A=chopped arrow between dots}
\macrodef{gen\_init}{gen_init}{}
  {gen}
  {initialize environment for general diagrams
    (customizable, reads {\tt libgen.m4})}
\macrodef{glabel\_}{glabel_}{}
  {cct}
  {internal general labeller}
\macrodef{gpar\_}{gpar_}{({\sl element},{\sl element},{\sl separation})}
  {cct}
  {two same-direction elements in parallel}
\macrodef{gpolyline\_}{gpolyline_}{({\sl fraction},{\sl location}, ...)}
  {gen}
  {internal to {\tt gshade}}
\macrodef{grid\_}{grid_}{({\sl x},{\sl y})}
  {log}
  {absolute grid location}
\macrodef{ground}{ground}{(at {\sl location}, T, N|F|S|L|P|E, U|D|L|R|{\sl
    degrees})}
  {cct}
  { ground, without stem for nonblank 2nd arg;
    {\tt N}=normal, {\tt F}=frame, {\tt S}=signal, {\tt L}=low-noise,
    {\tt P}=protective, {\tt E}=European; up, down, left, right, or angle
    from horizontal (default -90) }
\macrodef{gyrator}{gyrator}{({\sl box specs,space ratio,pin lgth,}[N][V])}
  {cct}
  {Gyrator two-port wrapper for {\tt nport}, {\tt N} omits pin dots; {\tt V}
   gives a vertical orientation.}
\macrodef{gshade}{gshade}{({\sl gray value},A,B,...,Z,A,B)}
  {gen}
  {(Note last two arguments).  Shade a polygon with named
    vertices, attempting to avoid sharp corners}
\macrodef{heater}{heater}{({\sl linespec, ndivisions, wid, ht})}
  {cct}
  {heater element}
\macrodef{hex\_digit}{hex_digit}{($n$)}
  {gen}
  {hexadecimal digit for $0 \leq n < 16$}
\macrodef{hexadecimal\_}{hexadecimal_}{($n$, [$m$])}
  {gen}
  {hexadecimal representation of $n,$ left padded to $m$ digits if the second
   argument is nonblank}
\macrodef{hoprad\_}{hoprad_}{}
  {cct}
  {hop radius in crossover macro}
\macrodef{ht\_}{ht_}{}
  {gen}
  {height relative to current direction}
\macrodef{ifdpic}{ifdpic}{({\sl if true},{\sl if false})}
  {gen}
  {test if dpic has been specified as pic processor}
\macrodef{ifgpic}{ifgpic}{({\sl if true},{\sl if false})}
  {gen}
  {test if gpic has been specified as pic processor}
\macrodef{ifinstr}{ifinstr}{({\sl string},{\sl string},{\sl if true},{\sl
    if false})}
  {gen}
  {test if the second argument is a substring of the first; also
  {\tt ifinstr({\sl string},{\sl string},{\sl if true},{\sl
  string},{\sl string},{\sl if true}, $\ldots$ {\sl if false})}
    }
\macrodef{ifmfpic}{ifmfpic}{({\sl if true},{\sl if false})}
  {gen}
  {test if mfpic has been specified as pic post-processor}
\macrodef{ifmpost}{ifmpost}{({\sl if true},{\sl if false})}
  {gen}
  {test if MetaPost has been specified as pic post-processor}
\macrodef{ifpgf}{ifpgf}{({\sl if true},{\sl if false})}
  {gen}
  {test if \TPGF~has been specified as pic post-processor}
\macrodef{ifpostscript}{ifpostscript}{({\sl if true},{\sl if false})}
  {gen}
  {test if Postscript ({\tt dpic -r}) has been specified as pic output format}
\macrodef{ifpstricks}{ifpstricks}{({\sl if true},{\sl if false})}
  {gen}
  {test if \PSTricks~has been specified as post-processor}
\macrodef{ifroff}{ifroff}{({\sl if true},{\sl if false})}
  {gen}
  {test if {\bf troff} or {\bf groff} has been specified as post-processor}
\macrodef{ifxfig}{ifxfig}{({\sl if true},{\sl if false})}
  {gen}
  {test if Fig 3.2 ({\tt dpic -x}) has been specified as pic output format}
\macrodef{igbt}{igbt}{({\sl linespec},L|R,[L][[d]D])}
  {cct}
  {left or right IGBT, L=alternate gate type, D=parallel diode,
   dD=dotted connections }
\macrodef{in\_\_}{in__}{}
  {gen}
  {absolute inches}
\macrodef{inductor}{inductor}{({\sl linespec},W|L,{\sl n},[M|P],{\sl loop wid})}
  {cct}
  {inductor, arg2: narrow (default), W=wide, L=looped;
   arg3: {\sl n} arcs (default 4);
   arg4: M=magnetic core, P=powder (dashed) core,
   arg5: loop width (default L,W: {\tt dimen\_}/5; other: {\tt dimen\_}/8) }
\macrodef{inner\_prod}{inner_prod}{({\sl linear obj},{\sl linear obj})}
  {gen}
  {inner product of (x,y) dimensions of two linear objects}
\macrodef{integrator}{integrator}{({\sl linespec},{\sl size})}
  {cct}
  {integrating amplifier}
\macrodef{intersect\_}{intersect_}{({\sl line1}.start,{\sl line1}.end,
{\sl line2}.start,{\sl line2}.end)}
  {gen}
  {intersection of two lines}
\macrodef{jack}{jack}{(U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees},{\sl chars})}
  {cct}
  {arg1: drawing direction; string arg2: {\tt R}=right orientation,
   one or more {\tt L[M][B]} for L and auxiliary contacts with make or break
   points; {\tt S[M][B]} for S and auxiliary contacts}
\macrodef{j\_fet}{j_fet}{({\sl linespec},L|R,P,E)}
  {cct}
  {left or right, N or P JFET, without or with envelope}
\macrodef{KelvinR}{KelvinR}{({\sl cycles},[R],{\sl cycle wid})}
  {cct}
  {IEEE resistor in a {\tt [ ]} block with Kelvin taps {\sl T1} and {\sl T2}}
\macrodef{larrow}{larrow}{({\sl label},{\tt ->|<-},{\sl dist})}
  {cct}
  {arrow {\sl dist} to left of last-drawn 2-terminal element}
\macrodef{lbox}{lbox}{({\sl wid}, {\sl ht}, {\sl type})}
  {gen}
  {box oriented in current direction, type= e.g.\ dotted}
\macrodef{left\_}{left_}{}
  {gen}
  {left with respect to current direction}
\macrodef{length3D}{length3D}{(x,y,z)}
  {3D}
  {Euclidean length of triple x,y,z}
\macrodef{lg\_bartxt}{lg_bartxt}{}
  {log}
  {draws an overline over logic-pin text (except for xfig)}
\macrodef{lg\_pin}{lg_pin}{({\sl location, logical name, pin label},
  n|e|s|w[L|M|I|O][N][E], {\sl pinno, optlen})}
  {log}
  {comprehensive logic pin; {\tt n|e|s|w}=direction,
    {\tt L}=active low out, {\tt M}=active low in,
    {\tt I}=inward arrow, {\tt O}=outward arrow,
    {\tt N}=negated, {\tt E}=edge trigger}
\macrodef{lg\_pintxt}{lg_pintxt}{}
  {log}
  {reduced-size text for logic pins}
\macrodef{lg\_plen}{lg_plen}{}
  {log}
  {logic pin length in in {\tt L\_unit}s}
\macrodef{lin\_leng}{lin_leng}{({\sl line-reference})}
  {gen}
  {calculate the length of a line}
\macrodef{linethick\_}{linethick_}{({\sl number})}
  {gen}
  {set line thickness in points}
\macrodef{ljust\_}{ljust_}{}
  {gen}
  {ljust with respect to current direction}
\macrodef{llabel}{llabel}{({\sl label},{\sl label},{\sl label})}
  {cct}
  {triple label on left side of the element}
\macrodef{loc\_}{loc_}{({\sl x}, {\sl y})}
  {gen}
  {location adjusted for current direction}
\macrodef{log10E\_}{log10E_}{}
  {gen}
  {constant $\log_{10}(e)$}
\macrodef{log\_init}{log_init}{}
  {log}
  {initialize environment for logic diagrams
    (customizable, reads {\tt liblog.m4})}
\macrodef{loge}{loge}{}
  {gen}
  {logarithm, base $e$}
\macrodef{lp\_xy}{lp_xy}{}
  {log}
  {coordinates used by {\tt lg\_pin}}
\macrodef{lpop}{lpop}{({\sl xcoord}, {\sl ycoord}, {\sl radius}, {\sl fill},
  {\sl zero ht})}
  {gen}
  {for lollipop graphs: filled circle with stem to (xcoord,zeroht)}
\macrodef{lswitch}{lswitch}{( {\sl linespec}, L|R, {\sl chars} )}
  {cct}
  {knife switch R=right orientation (default L=left);
    {\sl chars}=[O{\tt|}C][D][K] O=opening arrow; C=closing arrow; D=dots;
    K=closed switch }
\macrodef{lthick}{lthick}{}
  {gen}
  {current line thickness in drawing units}
\macrodef{lt\_}{lt_}{}
  {gen}
  {left with respect to current direction}
\macrodef{manhattan}{manhattan}{}
  {gen}
  {sets direction cosines for left, right, up, down}
\macrodef{memristor}{memristor}{({\sl linespec, wid, ht})}
  {cct}
  {memristor element}
\macrodef{microphone}{microphone}{( U|D|L|R|degrees, size)}
  {cct}
  {microphone, {\sl In1} to {\sl In3} defined}
\macrodef{mm\_\_}{mm__}{}
  {gen}
  {absolute millimetres}
\macrodef{mosfet}{mosfet}{({\sl linespec},L|R,{\sl chars},E)}
  {cct}
  {MOSFET left or right, included components defined by characters, envelope.
   arg 3 chars:
      {\tt [u][d]B:} center bulk connection pin;
      {\tt D:} D pin and lead;
      {\tt E:} dashed substrate;
      {\tt F:} solid-line substrate;
      {\tt [u][d]G:} G pin to substrate at source;
      {\tt [u][d]H:} G pin to substrate at center;
      {\tt L:} G pin to channel (obsolete);
      {\tt [u][d]M:} G pin to channel; u: at drain end; d: at source end
      {\tt Pz:} parallel zener diode;
      {\tt Q:} connect B pin to S pin;
      {\tt R:} thick channel;
      {\tt [u][d]S:} S pin and lead u: arrow up; d: arrow down;
      {\tt [d]T:} G pin to center of channel d: not circle;
      {\tt X:} XMOSFET terminal;
      {\tt Z:} simplified complementary MOS
}
\macrodef{m4lstring}{m4lstring}{({\sl arg1},{\sl arg2})}
  {gen}
  {expand {\sl arg1} if it begins
    with {\tt sprintf} or {\tt "}, otherwise {\sl arg2}}
\macrodef{m4\_arrow}{m4_arrow}{({\sl linespec},{\sl ht},{\sl wid})}
  {gen}
  {arrow with adjustable head, filled when possible}
\macrodef{m4dupstr}{m4dupstr}{({\sl string},{\sl n},`{\sl name}')}
  {gen}
  {Defines {\sl name} as {\sl n} concatenated copies of {\sl string}.}
\macrodef{m4xpand}{m4xpand}{({\sl arg})}
  {gen}
  {Evaluate the argument as a macro}
\macrodef{m4xtract}{m4xtract}{(`{\sl string1}',{\sl string2})}
  {gen}
  {delete {\sl string2} from {\sl string1}, return 1 if present}
\macrodef{n\_}{n_}{}
  {gen}
  {.n with respect to current direction}
\macrodef{ne\_}{ne_}{}
  {gen}
  {.ne with respect to current direction}
\macrodef{neg\_}{neg_}{}
  {gen}
  {unary negation}
\macrodef{norator}{norator}{({\sl linespec},{\sl width},{\sl ht})}
  {cct}
  { norator two-terminal element }
\macrodef{nport}{nport}{({\sl box spec{\tt ;}other commands,
nw,nn,ne,ns,space ratio,pin lgth,style, other commands})}
  {cct}
  {nport macro (default 2-port)}
\macrodef{nterm}{nterm}{({\sl box spec{\tt ;}other commands,
nw,nn,ne,ns,pin lgth,style, other commands})}
  {cct}
  {n-terminal box macro (default three pins)}
\macrodef{nullator}{nullator}{({\sl linespec},{\sl width},{\sl ht})}
  {cct}
  { nullator two-terminal element }
\macrodef{nw\_}{nw_}{}
  {gen}
  {.nw with respect to current direction}
\macrodef{opamp}{opamp}{({\sl linespec},{\sl label},{\sl label},{\sl size},{\sl
    chars}, other commands)}
  {cct}
  {operational amplifier with $-,$ $+$ or other internal labels,
    specified size. {\sl chars:} {\tt P=} add power connections,
    {\tt R=} swap In1, In2 labels,
    {\tt T=} truncated point.
    The first and last arguments allow added customizations }
\macrodef{open\_arrow}{open_arrow}{({\sl linespec},{\sl ht},{\sl wid})}
  {gen}
  {arrow with adjustable open head}
\macrodef{par\_}{par_}{({\sl element},{\sl element},{\sl separation})}
  {cct}
  {two same-direction, same-length elements in parallel}
\macrodef{pconnex}{pconnex}{(R|L|U|D|{\sl degrees},{\sl chars})}
  {cct}
  {power connectors, arg 1: drawing direction; {\sl chars:}
   {\tt R}=right orientation,
   {\tt M|F}= male, female,
   {\tt A|AC}=115V, 3 prong, B=box, C=circle,
   {\tt P}= PC connector,
   {\tt D}= 2-pin connector,
   {\tt G|GC}= GB 3-pin,
   {\tt J}= 110V 2-pin
  }
\macrodef{pc\_\_}{pc__}{}
  {gen}
  {absolute points}
\macrodef{pi\_}{pi_}{}
  {gen}
  {$\pi$}
\macrodef{plug}{plug}{(U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees},[2|3][R])}
  {cct}
  {arg1: drawing direction; string arg2: {\tt R} right orientation,
   {\tt 2|3} number of conductors}
\macrodef{pmod}{pmod}{({\sl integer}, {\sl integer})}
  {gen}
  {+ve $\hbox{mod}(M,N)$ e.g., $\hbox{\tt pmod}(-3,5)=2$}
\macrodef{point\_}{point_}{({\sl angle})}
  {gen}
  {(radians) set direction cosines}
\macrodef{polar\_}{polar_}{({\sl x},{\sl y})}
  {gen}
  {rectangular-to polar conversion}
\macrodef{potentiometer}{potentiometer}{({\sl linespec},%
  {\sl cycles},{\sl fractional pos},{\sl length},$\cdots$)}
  {cct}
  {resistor with taps T1, T2, $\ldots$
    with specified fractional positions and lengths (possibly neg) }
\macrodef{print3D}{print3D}{(x,y,z)}
  {3D}
  {write out triple for debugging}
\macrodef{prod\_}{prod_}{({\sl a},{\sl b})}
  {gen}
  {binary multiplication}
\macrodef{project}{project}{({\sl x},({\sl y},({\sl z})}
  {3D}
  {3D to 2D projection onto the plane perpendicular to the view vector with
   angles defined by {\tt setview({\sl azim, elev})}}
\macrodef{psset\_}{psset_}{({\sl PSTricks settings})}
  {gen}
  {set PSTricks parameters}
\macrodef{ptrans}{ptrans}{({\sl linespec}, [R|L])}
  {cct}
  {pass transistor; {\tt L=} left orientation}
\macrodef{pt\_\_}{pt__}{}
  {gen}
  {\TeX\ point-size factor, in scaled inches, ({\tt *scale/72.27})}
\macrodef{r\_}{r_}{}
  {gen}
  {red color value}
\macrodef{rarrow}{rarrow}{({\sl label,{\tt ->|<-},{\sl dist}})}
  {cct}
  {arrow {\sl dist} to right of last-drawn 2-terminal element}
\macrodef{rect\_}{rect_}{({\sl radius},{\sl angle})}
  {gen}
  {(radians) polar-rectangular conversion}
\macrodef{relay}{relay}{(n,{\sl chars})}
  {cct}
  {relay: n poles (default 1), {\sl chars:} {\tt O}=normally open,
    {\tt C}=normally closed, {\tt P}=three position, default double throw,
    {\tt L}=drawn left (default),
    {\tt R}=drawn right, {\tt T}=thermal.
    Argument 3={\tt [L|R]} is deprecated but works for
    backward compatibility}
\macrodef{resetdir\_)}{resetdir_)}{}
  {gen}
  {resets direction set by {\tt setdir\_}}
\macrodef{resetrgb}{resetrgb}{}
  {gen}
  {cancel {\tt r\_, g\_, b\_} color definitions}
\macrodef{resistor}{resistor}{({\sl linespec},n|E,{\sl chars}, {\sl
    cycle wid})}
  {cct}
  {resistor, n cycles (default 3), {\sl chars:}
    {\tt E}={\tt ebox},
    {\tt ES}={\tt ebox} with slash,
    {\tt Q}=offset,
    {\tt H}=squared,
    {\tt N}=IEEE,
    {\tt V}=varistor variant,
    {\tt R}=right-oriented,
    {\sl cycle width} (default {\tt dimen\_}$/6$) }
\macrodef{resized}{resized}{({\sl factor},`{\sl macro name}',args)}
  {cct}
  {scale the element body size by {\sl factor}}
\macrodef{restorem4dir}{restorem4dir}{([`{\sl stack name}'])}
  {gen}
  {Restore m4 direction parameters from the named stack
    (default {\tt `savm4dir\_'})}
\macrodef{reversed}{reversed}{(`{\sl macro name}',args)}
  {cct}
  {reverse polarity of 2-terminal element}
\macrodef{rgbdraw}{rgbdraw}{({\sl color triple}, {\sl drawing commands})}
  {gen}
  {color drawing for PSTricks, pgf, MetaPost, svg postprocessors;
   see {\tt setrgb} }
\macrodef{rgbfill}{rgbfill}{({\sl color triple}, {\sl closed path})}
  {gen}
  {fill with arbitrary color; see {\tt setrgb}}
\macrodef{right\_}{right_}{}
  {gen}
  {set current direction right}
\macrodef{rjust\_}{rjust_}{}
  {gen}
  {right justify with respect to current direction}
\macrodef{rlabel}{rlabel}{({\sl label},{\sl label},{\sl label})}
  {cct}
  {triple label on right side of the element}
\macrodef{rot3Dx}{rot3Dx}{({\sl radians},x,y,z)}
  {3D}
  {rotates x,y,z about x axis}
\macrodef{rot3Dy}{rot3Dy}{({\sl radians},x,y,z)}
  {3D}
  {rotates x,y,z about y axis}
\macrodef{rot3Dz}{rot3Dz}{({\sl radians},x,y,z)}
  {3D}
  {rotates x,y,z about z axis}
\macrodef{rotbox}{rotbox}{({\sl wid,ht,type},[r|t={\sl val}])}
  {gen}
  {box oriented in current direction in {\tt [ ]} block;
   {\sl type}= e.g. {\tt dotted shaded "green".}  Defined
   internal locations: N, E, S, W (and NE, SE, NW, SW if arg4 is blank).
   If arg4 is {\tt r=}{\sl val} then corners have radius {\sl val}.
   If arg4 is {\tt t=}{\sl val} then a spline with tension {\sl val}
   is used to draw a ``superellipse,'' and the bounding box is then
   only approximate. }
\macrodef{rotellipse}{rotellipse}{({\sl wid,ht,type})}
  {gen}
  {ellipse oriented in current direction in {\tt [ ]} block;
   e.g. {\tt Point\_(45); rotellipse(,,dotted fill\_(0.9)).} Defined internal
   locations: N, S, E, W.}
\macrodef{round}{round}{({\tt at} location,{\sl line thickness,attributes})}
  {gen}
  {filled circle for rounded corners; attributes={\tt colored "gray"} 
   for example}
\macrodef{rpoint\_}{rpoint_}{({\sl linespec})}
  {gen}
  {set direction cosines}
\macrodef{rpos\_}{rpos_}{({\sl position})}
  {gen}
  {Here + {\sl position}}
\macrodef{rrot\_}{rrot_}{({\sl x, y, angle})}
  {gen}
  {\tt Here + vrot\_({\sl x, y, cos(angle), sin(angle))}}
\macrodef{rs\_box}{rs_box}{({\sl text},{\sl expr1},$\cdots$)}
  {gen}
  {like {\tt s\_box} but the text is rotated by {\tt text\_ang}
   (default 90) degrees}
\macrodef{rsvec\_}{rsvec_}{({\sl position})}
  {gen}
  {Here + {\sl position}}
\macrodef{rt\_}{rt_}{}
  {gen}
  {right with respect to current direction}
\macrodef{rtod\_}{rtod_}{}
  {gen}
  {constant, degrees/radian}
\macrodef{rtod\_\_}{rtod__}{}
  {gen}
  {constant, degrees/radian}
\macrodef{rvec\_}{rvec_}{({\sl x},{\sl y})}
  {gen}
  {location relative to current direction}
\macrodef{s\_}{s_}{}
  {gen}
  {.s with respect to current direction}
\macrodef{s\_box}{s_box}{({\sl text},{\sl expr1},$\cdots$)}
  {gen}
  {generate dimensioned text string using {\tt\char92{}boxdims} from
    {\tt boxdims.sty}. Two or more args are passed to {\tt sprintf()} }
\macrodef{s\_dp}{s_dp}{({\sl name},{\sl default})}
  {gen}
  {depth of the most recent (or named) {\tt s\_box}}
\macrodef{s\_ht}{s_ht}{({\sl name},{\sl default})}
  {gen}
  {height of the most recent (or named) {\tt s\_box}}
\macrodef{s\_init}{s_init}{({\sl name})}
  {gen}
  {initialize {\tt s\_box} string label to {\sl name} which should be unique}
\macrodef{s\_name}{s_name}{}
  {gen}
  {the value of the last {\tt s\_init} argument}
\macrodef{s\_wd}{s_wd}{({\sl name},{\sl default})}
  {gen}
  {width of the most recent (or named) {\tt s\_box}}
\macrodef{savem4dir}{savem4dir}{([`{\sl stack name}'])}
  {gen}
  {Stack m4 direction parameters in the named stack
    (default {\tt `savm4dir\_'})}
\macrodef{sc\_draw}{sc_draw}{({\sl dna string, chars, iftrue, iffalse})}
  {cct}
  {test if chars are in string, deleting chars from string}
\macrodef{scr}{scr}{({\sl linespec, chars, label})}
  {cct}
  {Wrapper to place thyristor as a two-terminal element with label given by
   the third argument}
\macrodef{se\_}{se_}{}
  {gen}
  {.se with respect to current direction}
\macrodef{setdir\_}{setdir_}{(R|L|U|D|{\sl degrees}, {\sl default} U|D|R|L|{\sl degrees})}
  {gen}
  {store drawing direction and set it to
    up, down, left, right, or angle in degrees (reset by {\tt resetdir\_})}
\macrodef{setrgb}{setrgb}{({\sl red value, green value, blue value},[{\sl name}])}
  {gen}
  {define colour for lines and text, optionally named (default {\tt lcspec});
   svg values are integers from 0 to 255}
\macrodef{setview}{setview}{({\sl azimuth degrees},{\sl elevation degrees})}
  {3D}
  {set projection viewpoint}
\macrodef{sfg\_init}{sfg_init}{({\sl default line len, node rad, arrowhd len,
  arrowhd wid}), (reads {\tt libcct.m4})}
  {cct}
  {initialization of signal flow graph macros}
\macrodef{sfgabove}{sfgabove}{}
  {cct}
  {like above but with extra space}
\macrodef{sfgarc}{sfgarc}{({\sl linespec},{\sl text},{\sl text justification},cw|ccw,
    {\sl height scale factor})}
  {cct}
  {directed arc drawn between nodes, with text label
    and a height-adjustment parameter }
\macrodef{sfgbelow}{sfgbelow}{}
  {cct}
  {like below but with extra space}
\macrodef{sfgline}{sfgline}{({\sl linespec},{\sl text},{\sl text justification})}
  {cct}
  {directed straight line chopped by node radius, with text label}
\macrodef{sfgnode}{sfgnode}{(at {\sl location},{\sl text},above|below,{sl circle options})}
  {cct}
  {small circle default white interior, with text label. The default label
  position is inside if the diameter is bigger than {\tt textht} and
  {\tt textwid}; otherwise it is {\tt sfgabove.} Options such as fill or
  line thickness can be given.}
\macrodef{sfgself}{sfgself}{(at {\sl location}, U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees}, {\sl text},
    {\sl text justification}, cw|ccw, {\sl scale factor})}
  {cct}
  {self-loop drawn at angle {\sl angle} from a node,
     with text label and a size-adjustment parameter }
\macrodef{shade}{shade}{({\sl gray value},{\sl closed line specs})}
  {gen}
  {fill arbitrary closed curve}
\macrodef{shadebox}{shadebox}{({\sl box specification})}
  {gen}
  {box with edge shading}
\macrodef{sign\_}{sign_}{({\sl number})}
  {gen}
  {sign function}
\macrodef{sinc}{sinc}{({\sl number})}
  {gen}
  {the $\hbox{sinc}(x)$ function}
\macrodef{sind}{sind}{({\sl arg})}
  {gen}
  {sine of an expression in degrees}
\macrodef{sinusoid}{sinusoid}{({\sl amplitude, frequency, phase, tmin, tmax})}
  {gen}
  {draws a sinusoid over the interval $(t_{\hbox{\scriptsize min, max}}$}
\macrodef{source}{source}{({\sl linespec},V|v|I|i|AC|B|F|G|Q|L|N|P|S|T|X|U|{\sl
   other},{\sl diameter},R)}
  {cct}
  {source, blank or voltage (2 types), current (2 types), AC,
   or type F, G, Q, B, L, N, X or labelled, P = pulse, U = square, R = ramp,
   S = sinusoid, T = triangle; other = custom interior label or waveform,
   R = reversed polarity }
\macrodef{sourcerad\_}{sourcerad_}{}
  {cct}
  {default source radius}
\macrodef{sp\_}{sp_}{}
  {gen}
  {evaluates to medium space for gpic strings}
\macrodef{speaker}{speaker}{( U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees},{\sl size},H)}
  {cct}
  {speaker, {\sl In1} to {\sl In7} defined; {\tt H}=horn}
\macrodef{sprod3D}{sprod3D}{(a,x,y,z)}
  {3D}
  {scalar product of triple x,y,z by a}
\macrodef{stackcopy\_}{stackcopy_}{(`{\sl name 1}',`{\sl name 2}')}
  {gen}
  {Copy stack 1 into stack 2, preserving the order of pushed elements}
\macrodef{stackexec\_}{stackexec_}{(`{\sl name 1}',`{\sl name 2}',{\sl commands})}
  {gen}
  {Copy stack 1 into stack 2, performing arg3 for each nonblank entry}
\macrodef{stackprint\_}{stackprint_}{(`{\sl stack name}')}
  {gen}
  {Print the contents of the stack to the terminal}
\macrodef{stackpromote\_}{stackpromote_}{({\sl prefix},`{\sl stack name}',{\sl In name})}
  {gen}
  {Define locations {\tt In1} or {\sl In name }{\tt 1}, $\ldots$ corresponding
   to the locations in stack {\sl stack name}, as created by the
   {\tt AutoGate} and {\tt Autologic} macros.  Each location is prefixed
   by argument 1 ``.''}
\macrodef{stackreverse\_}{stackreverse_}{(`{\sl stack name}')}
  {gen}
  {Reverse the order of elements in a stack, preserving the name}
\macrodef{stacksplit\_}{stacksplit_}{(`{\sl stack name}',{\sl string},{\sl separator})}
  {gen}
  {Stack the fields of {\sl string} left to right separated by nonblank
    {\sl separator} (default .).  White space preceding the fields is ignored.}
\macrodef{sum3D}{sum3D}{(x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2)}
  {3D}
  {sum of two triples}
\macrodef{sum\_}{sum_}{({\sl a},{\sl b})}
  {gen}
  {binary sum}
\macrodef{svec\_}{svec_}{({\sl x},{\sl y})}
  {log}
  {scaled and rotated grid coordinate vector}
\macrodef{sw\_}{sw_}{}
  {gen}
  {.sw with respect to current direction}
\macrodef{switch}{switch}{({\sl linespec},L|R,[C|O][D],[B|D])}
  {cct}
  {SPST switch (wrapper for bswitch, lswitch, and dswitch),
    arg2: R=right orientation (default L=left);
     if arg4=blank (knife switch): arg3 = [O{\tt|}C][D]
       O= opening, C=closing, D=dots;
     if arg4=B (button switch): arg3 = O{\tt|}C
       O=normally open, C=normally closed,
     if arg4=D: arg3 = same as for dswitch }
\macrodef{ta\_xy}{ta_xy}{({\sl x, y})}
  {cct}
  {macro-internal coordinates adjusted for {\tt L|R}}
\macrodef{tapped}{tapped}{(`{\sl two-terminal element}',
  [{\sl arrowhd} | type={\sl arrowhd};name={\sl Name}],
    {\sl fraction, length, fraction, length,} $\cdots$)}
  {cct}
  {Draw the two-terminal element with taps in a [ ] block (see {\tt addtaps}).
   {\sl arrowhd} = blank or one of {\tt . - <- -> <->}.
   Each fraction determines the position along the element body of the tap.
   A negative length draws the tap to the right of the current
   direction; positive length to the left.
   Tap names are Tap1, Tap2, $\cdots$ by default  or
   Name1, Name2, $\cdots$ if specified.
   Internal block names are {\tt .Start, .End,} and {.C} corresponding to the
   drawn element, and the tap names  }
\macrodef{tgate}{tgate}{({\sl linespec,} [B][R|L])}
  {cct}
  {transmission gate, {\tt B=} ebox type; {\tt L=} oriented left}
\macrodef{thicklines\_}{thicklines_}{({\sl number})}
  {gen}
  {set line thickness in points}
\macrodef{thinlines\_}{thinlines_}{({\sl number})}
  {gen}
  {set line thickness in points}
\macrodef{threeD\_init}{threeD_init}{}
  {3D}
  {initialize 3D transformations (reads {\tt lib3D.m4})}
\macrodef{thyristor}{thyristor}{({\sl linespec},{\sl chars})}
  {cct}
  {thyristor, chars:
     D=Diode,
     A=Open diode,
     B=Bidirectional diode,
     C=Type IEC,
     E=Envelope,
     G=Full-size gate terminal,
     H=Gate at arrowhead centre,
     N=Anode gate,
     R=Right orientation,
     U=Adds centre line (to open diode),
     V=Arrowhead centre gate bar }
\macrodef{tline}{tline}{({\sl linespec},{\sl wid},{\sl ht}) }
  {cct}
  {transmission line, manhattan direction}
\macrodef{tr\_xy}{tr_xy}{({\sl x, y})}
  {cct}
  {relative macro internal coordinates adjusted for {\tt L|R}}
\macrodef{tr\_xy\_init}{tr_xy_init}{({\sl origin, unit size, sign })}
  {cct}
  {initialize {\tt tr\_xy}}
\macrodef{transformer}{transformer}{({\sl linespec},L|R,np,%
[A|P][W|L][D1|D2|D12|D21],ns)}
  {cct}
  {2-winding transformer or choke with terminals P1, P2, TP, S1, S2, TS:
    arg2: L = left, R = right,
    arg3: np primary arcs,
    arg5: ns secondary arcs,
    arg4: A = air core, P = powder (dashed) core,
    W = wide windings, L = looped windings,
    D1: phase dots at P1 and S1 end; D2 at P2 and S2 end; D12 at P1 and S2 end;
    D21 at P2 and S1 end }
\macrodef{tstrip}{tstrip}{(R|L|U|D|degrees, nterms, {\sl chars})}
  {cct}
  {terminal strip, chars:
   I=invisible terminals,
   C=circle terminals (default),
   D=dot terminals,
   O=omitted separator lines,
   {\tt wid=}value{\tt ;} total strip width,
   {\tt ht=}value{\tt ;} strip height
   }
\macrodef{ttmotor}{ttmotor}{({\sl linespec, string, diameter, brushwid, brushht})}
  {cct}
  {motor with label}
\macrodef{twopi\_}{twopi_}{}
  {gen}
  {$2\pi$}
\macrodef{ujt}{ujt}{({\sl linespec},R,P,E)}
  {cct}
  {unijunction transistor, right, P-channel, envelope}
\macrodef{unit3D}{unit3D}{(x,y,z)}
  {3D}
  {unit triple in the direction of triple x,y,z}
\macrodef{up\_}{up_}{}
  {gen}
  {set current direction up}
\macrodef{up\_\_}{up__}{}
  {gen}
  {up with respect to current direction}
\macrodef{variable}{variable}{(`{\sl element}',
  {\tt [A|P|L|[u]N][C|S]},{\sl angle},{\sl length})}
  {cct}
  {overlaid arrow or line to indicate variable 2-terminal element:
    {\tt A}=arrow, {\tt P}=preset,
    {\tt L}=linear, {\tt N}=nonlinear, {\tt C}=continuous, {\tt S}=setpwise }
\macrodef{vec\_}{vec_}{({\sl x},{\sl y})}
  {gen}
  {position rotated with respect to current direction}
\macrodef{vlength}{vlength}{({\sl x},{\sl y})}
  {gen}
  {vector length $\sqrt{x^2+y^2}$}
\macrodef{vperp}{vperp}{({\sl linear object})}
  {gen}
  {unit-vector pair CCW-perpendicular to linear object}
\macrodef{vrot\_}{vrot_}{({\sl x},{\sl y},{\sl xcosine},{\sl ycosine})}
  {gen}
  {rotation operator}
\macrodef{vscal\_}{vscal_}{({\sl number},{\sl x},{\sl y})}
  {gen}
  {vector scale operator}
\macrodef{w\_}{w_}{}
  {gen}
  {.w with respect to current direction}
\macrodef{while\_}{while_}{(`{\sl test}',`{\sl actions}')}
  {gen}
  {Integer m4 while loop}
\macrodef{wid\_}{wid_}{}
  {gen}
  {width with respect to current direction}
\macrodef{winding}{winding}{(L|R, {\sl diam, pitch, turns, core wid, core color})}
  {cct}
  {core winding drawn in the current direction; {\tt R}=right-handed}
\macrodef{xtal}{xtal}{({\sl linespec})}
  {cct}
  {quartz crystal}
\macrodef{xtract}{xtract}{({\sl string, substring})}
  {gen}
  {returns substring if present}
%  \end{tabbing}
